Literature Review of Finance and Share Price

Literature review article of Finance and Sh argon PriceLITERATURE REVIEWThis psychoanalyze relates to try on the intercourseship of hard currency endure from operations, earning and gross r pointue with shargon price and the preceding look into has predicted the comparative abilities of exchange menstruate, earning and sales but this study is provided concerned with the relationship of funds flow, earning and sales with sh are price.In the pay literature that market forces determine share price equal to the deductive reasoninged value of a stream of evaluate early nones flows (Hollister et al., 2002). Cash flows array amounts investors expect to receive in the form of dividend payments or from the sale of their shares and not necessarily the annual run bullion flows generated by a steadfast. Consequently, it is in a very broad sense that share price is considered to make up a unwaverings forthcoming bullion flows. Even if share price is a good deal though t of and evaluated in terms of interchange flows, lolly is too know to be extremely serious to managers and analysts because of the key info it conveys ab let by coming(prenominal) prospects (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2002). miscellaneous researchers examined value in terms of share return that profit reflect a stronger correlativity with share return than does online in operation(p) interchange flows (Watts, 1977 Dechow, 1994 Bartov et al, 1997) .It has been visualizen that compensation relegate predicts future in operation(p) funds flows than does occurrent operating hard gold flows because aggregations in cabbage offset the negative correlation in cash flow changes to produce salary changes that are often less negatively serially cor tie in ( Dechow, et al 1998) that is why fee, sort of than current operating cash flows, tends to be utilise in firm share valuations. fee quality can be affected by sales volatility (Dechow and Dichev (2002) and Francis et al. (2004). By and large the greater the sales volatility, the more than unstable is the operating environment. This results in larger estimation errors for accretions and diminished wampum quality.It gives an idea about how monthly sales announcements of major(ip) department and discount stores provide culture for investors not only for the retail giants but also for their suppliers (Olsen and Dietrich (1985). The sales volume announcements for the retailers furnish information on the future cash flow prospects for their suppliers and, thus, are incorporated into the suppliers share prices. Dharan (1987) examined the comparative abilities of accrual sales and cash collections of sales to predict future cash flows. It is run aground that when cash realization occurs in a period ensuant to sales realization, cash flow forecasts from sugar based on accrual sales are better than cash flow forecasts from win based on cash collections. This is because of accrual sales provides info rmation on managements expectations about future cash flows (Dharan, 1987).Greenberg, Johnson, and Ramesh (1986) used 1963-82 compustate data to test the ability of honorarium and CFFO to predict future CFFO, for severally firm two separate ordinary least squares retroflection ensamples were used. The first model test used previous pay against current CFFO ( lucre model) the second model used CFFO for lags of 1-5 social classs against current CFFO (cash flows model).R square for the wages and cash flows model were compared and the model with the high R square was compulsive to be the better predictor. The results showed that wampum toped CFFO in predicting future CFFO. It was concluded that the study provides evidence in support of the FASBs assertions that current bread is a better predictor of future cash flows than is current cash flows.Juan M. Rivara(1996) open up out the verity and the consensus among forecasters of earnings estimates for U.S. domestic and U.S. multinational corporations, it was observed that the accuracy of earnings forecasts is importantly put down for purely domestic firms than for U.S based multinationals. Like clean the take aim of consensus in earnings estimates submitted by fiscal analysts is significantly lower for U.S. domestic than for U.S. multinational firms.The accounting professing requires that firms disaggregate net income into specific comp whizznts, even though earnings disaggregation is important for assessing firm profitability, there is little a powereriori evidence that the classification scheme professually improves profitability forecasts by analyzing the accuracy improvements in out-of- savor forecasts of one-year ahead return-on-equity (ROE) to examine the prophetic capacitanceedness of earnings disaggregations (Fairfield, Sweeney, Yohn) .The results show that the classification scheme prescribed by the accounting profession does increase the prognosticative content of pass overed ear nings. It was piece forecasting improvements from earnings disaggregation. These improvements go beyond separating extraordinary items and discontinued operations from the other components of earnings. shape up disaggregation of earnings (into operating earnings, non-operating earnings and taxes, and special items) improves forecasts of ROE one year ahead.(Ball and Watts (1972), Albrecht, Lookabill McKeown (1977), Watts and Leftwich (1977) and Lev (1983) analyse the lucre ability to predict future earnings studied first or second order autocorrelations and or forecasts over one or two-year horizons and provided evidence to support a random laissez passer model that is uncorrelated earnings changes, However, random walk may not be descriptive of the earnings surgical process Where as Ramesh and Thiagarajan (1989) rejected a random walk earnings model and Lipe and Kormendi (1993) show that higher order, kinda than random walk, models are descriptive of market-adjusted earnings time-series process. sense (1994) found out the earnings ability to predict future earnings and future cash flow from operations1 one through eight years ahead victimization annual data from1935-87 for 50 firms. I use time-series methods to test firm-specific prophetic ability over the entire time period (hereafter in-sample regression tests) and hence compare out-of-sample forecast errors to assess earnings ability to improve earnings or cash flow forecasts up to eight years ahead. He found that earnings are a significant predictor of future earnings, in sample, for 88% of the firms. The random walk provides better out-of-sample forecasts than do severally estimated models one year ahead for 52% of the sample firms, Out of sample forecasts show that random walk models outperform individually estimated earnings models for one-year but not for four- or eight-year horizons. profit, used alone and with cash flow, are a significant predictor of cash flow for the majority of firms. However, out-of-sample forecasts show that adding earnings rarely improves cash flow forecasts. Cash flow is a better short-term predictor of cash flow than are earnings, two in and out of sample, and the two are approximately equivalent long-term.The genius of the information contained in the accrual and cash flow components of earnings and the terminus to which this information is reflected in spud prices Sloan (1996). It is found that earning performance attributable to the accrual component of earnings testifys lower persistence than earnings performance attributable to the cash flow component of earnings, hence results also indicated that stock prices act as if investors fixate on earnings, failing to distinguish fully mingled with the different properties of the accrual and cash flow components of earnings.Lorek Willinger (1996) the time series properties and predictive abilities of cash flow data. Results indicate that this model clearly outperforms firm-specific and c ommon-structure ARIMA models as well as a multivariate, cross-sectional regression model popularized in the literature. These muster upings are robust crosswise alternative cash-flow metrics (e.g., levels, per-share, and deflated by centre assets) and are consistent with the viewpoint espoused by the FASB that cash-flow prediction is enhanced by consideration of earnings and accrual accounting data.Bowen, Burgstahler Daley (1986) examined relationships surrounded by signals provided by accrual earnings and various amount of moneys of cash flow, Findings indicate that Correlations between traditional cash flow measures and alternative CF measures that incorporate more all-embracing adjustments are low, 2nd the correlations between alternative measures of CF and earnings are, while the correlations between traditional measures of CF and earnings are high. These first two results are consistent with earnings and alternative measures of CF that incorporate more extensive adjustme nts conveying different signals. Finally, for four out of five cash flow variables, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that random walk models predict CF as well as (and often better than) models based on other flow variables. An exception to this general result is that net income overconfident depreciation and amortization and works capital from operations appear to be the best predictors of cash flow from operations. Overall there results are not consistent with the FASBs statements that earnings numbers provide better forecasts of future cash flows than do cash flow numbers.Earlier additional information content of cash flows relies primarily on cross- sectional regression models relating both earnings and cash flows to security return metrics that assumes a uniform relation between earnings (cash flow from operations) and security returns across observations. Ali (1994) however, conditions the incremental information content of unexpected earnings and cash flows fro m operations on their magnitude with respect to price. It is found that changes in earnings (cash flows from operations) are not expected to persist and thus stool reduced implications for returns.Cheng, Liu Schaefer (1996) investigated the Earnings permanency and the additive Information Content of Cash pay heeds from Operations, findings suggest that the incremental information content of accounting earnings decreases, and the incremental information content of cash flows from operations increases, with a decrease in the permanence of earnings.Barth, Cram Nelson investigated the role of accruals in predicting future cash flows and findings proved that disaggregating earnings into cash flow and the major components of accruals significantly enhances earnings predictive ability, findings also showed relation between cash flow next year and current cash flow and each(prenominal) component of accruals is significant and has a sign consistent with prediction.One of two research ers has re examined the association between earnings forecast error and earnings predictability because there is evidence suggesting that deliberate earnings forecast optimism is not an efficacious mechanism for gaining access to managers information ( Eames et al. 2002 Matsumoto 2002) ,For earnings level to be an important control variable in examinations of the association between forecast error and earnings predictability, there must be associations between earnings level and both forecast error and earnings predictability. Numerous studies report an inverse relation between forecast error and the level of reported earnings ( Brown 2001 Eames et al. 2002 Eames and Glover 2002 Hwang et al. 1996). The association reflects both earnings shocks due to unanticipated events and earnings management.Dechow Dichev suggested a new measure of one aspect of the quality of works capital accruals and earnings, they illustrated the usefulness of analysis in two ways. First, they examined the relation between measure of accrual quality and firm characteristics. The nature of the accrual process suggests that the magnitude of estimation errors will be systematically related to note fundamentals like the aloofness of the operating cycle and variability of operations. It was found that accrual quality is negatively related to the exacting magnitude of accruals, the length of the operating cycle, loss incidence, and the standard deviation of sales, cash flows, accruals, and earnings, and positively related to firm size. Results suggest that these observable firm characteristics can be used as instruments for accrual quality. This is important because the regression based estimation of accrual quality demands long time series of data and the availability of subsequent cash flows, which makes it costly or infeasible for certain practical applications (e.g quality-of-accruals-based affair strategies). Second they illustrated the usefulness of analysis by exploring the relat ion between measure of accrual quality and earnings persistence. Firms with low accrual quality create more accruals that are unrelated to cash flow realizations, and so have more noise and less persistence in their earnings. Indeed, they find a strong positive relation between accrual quality and earnings persistence. Although the measure of accrual quality is theoretically and empirically related to the absolute magnitude of accruals, and Sloan (1996) documents that the level of accruals is less persistent than cash flows. Probing further, they found out that accrual quality and level of accruals are incremental to each other in explaining earnings persistence, with accrual quality the more tendinous determinant.There are two widely held views regarding managements motivations to managing earnings and each has quite different implications for the predictive usefulness of the resultant numbers .One view is that earnings management is motivated by mangers attempt to sustain the o vervaluation of the firms stock price and to enhance managers personal welfare by disguising the true profound economic performance of the firm ( timeserving perspective). An alternative view is that managers manage earnings to reveal private value-relevant information about the future prospects of a firm (informational perspective). They shown that originally reported (managed) earnings of firms classified as managing earnings for opportunistic reasons are less predictive of future cash flows coition to the restated (unmanaged) numbers. Conversely, they find that originally reported (managed) earnings of firms classified as managing earnings for informational reasons exhibit greater predictive ability with respect to future cash flows relative to restated (unmanaged) numbers. (Badertscher , collins and lys 2007).Theoretical and empirical work in accounting and finance has documented the importance of firm size when testing the information in security prices with respect to future earnings (Collins et al., 1987) and interested in assessing the information in security prices with respect to the predictive ability of earnings, their finding that price-based-earnings forecasts outperform time-series forecasts by a greater margin for larger firms than smaller firms is of accept interest here. Their result implies that firm-size may help to explain inter-firm differences in the predictive ability of quarterly earnings data and helps to motivate the consideration of firm-size as an independent variable in the current study.Foster et al (1984) report that firm-size independently explains a substantial portion of the variation in post announcement drifts in security returns due to potentially misspecified quarterly earnings expectation models.The magnitude of abnormal returns associated with good or bad intelligence service earnings signals is inversely related to firm-size Freeman (1987), speculates that these findings might simply be due to differential time-ser ies properties of the earnings numbers of large and small firms-an errant factor in his research design-and calls for future research to examine the possibility.Bathke , Lorek Willinger ( 1989) found out differences in the auto regressive parameters of the Foster and Brown and Rozeff ARIMA models across firm-size strata . One-step-ahead quarterly earnings forecasts were generated by a set of best competent time-series models. Their Tests also indicated that large and medium size firms generated one-step ahead forecasts that were significantly more accurate than smaller firms at the .05 level and they obtained similar predictive findings on the significance of the size-effect in a supplementary analysis of the non seasonal worker and volatile growth and inconsistent strata membership firms.ChengDana examined the persistence of cash flow components in predicting future cash and the findings were that the cash flow components from various operating activities persist differentially. They found out that the cash related to sales, cost of goods sold, operating expenses and interest persists a great deal into future cash flows cash related to other has lower persistence and cash related to taxes has no persistence and then they incorporated accrual components into persistence regression model and found that the persistence of cash flow components are generally higher than those of accruals however, accrual components do enhance model performance, their findings are consistent with the AICPAs and financial analysts rationale for their recommendation that the financial effects of a companys core and non-core cash flows should be distinguished.ReferenceAshiq Ali Incremental information content of earnings , working capital from operations and cash flow Journal of account statement research( spring 1994) 61-74Robert M. Bowen, David Burgstahler, Lane A. Daley Evidence on the Relationships between Earnings and Various Measures of Cash go The business relationship Review, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Oct., 1986), pp. 713-725Richard G. Sloan Do tired Prices Fully Reflect Information in Accruals and Cash Flows about future(a) Earnings The Accounting Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 289-315.Kenneth S. Lorek and G. Lee Willinger A multivariate Time-Series Prediction Model for Cash-Flow Data The Accounting Review, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Jan., 1996), pp. 81-102Catherine A. Finger The Ability of Earnings to Predict future tense Earnings and Cash FlowJournal of Accounting Research, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 210-22C. S. Agnes Cheng, Chao-Shin Liu, Thomas F. Schaefer Earnings Permanence and the Incremental Information Content of Cash Flows from operations Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 34, No. 1 ( Spring, 1996), pp. 173-181.Olsen, C. and J. Dietrich, Vertical Information Transfers The Association Between Retailers gross revenue Announcements and Suppliers Security Returns, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 144-166, 1985.Juan M. Rivera (1996) Prediction Performance of Earnings Forecasts The Case of U.S. Multinationals.Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2nd Qtr. 1991), pp. 265-288.Patricia M. Fairfield Richard J. Sweeney Teri Lombardi Yohn Accounting classification and predictive content of earning The Accounting Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 337-355.BALL, R R.WATTS Some Time Series Properties of Accounting Income Journal of Finance (June 1972) 663-82bloody shame E. Barth, Donald P. Cram, Karen K. Nelson Accruals and the Prediction of Future Cash Flows The Accounting Review, Vol. 76, No. 1 (Jan., 2001), pp. 27-58Michael J. Eames and Steven M. Glover Earnings Predictability and the Direction of Analysts Earnings Forecast Errors Accounting Review, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 707-724.Patricia M. Dechow and Ilia D. Dichev The lumber of Accruals and Earnings The Role of Accrual thought Errors The Accounting Review, Vol. 77, Supplement property of Earnings Conference ( 2002), pp. 35-59.Patricia M. Dechow and Ilia D. Dichev The Quality of Accruals and Earnings The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors The Accounting Review, Vol. 77, Supplement Quality of Earnings Conference (2002), pp. 35-59.Brad Badertscher , Daniel W. Collins Thomas Z. Lys Earnings Management and the Predictive Ability of Accruals with Respect to Future Cash Flows Journal of finance, (2007) , PP 01-52.Allen W. Bathke, Jr., Kenneth S. Lorek, G. Lee Willinger Firm-Size and the Predictive Ability of Quarterly Earnings Data The Accounting Review, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Jan., 1989), pp. 49-68C. S. Agnes Cheng Dana Hollie (1996) The Persistence of Cash Flow Components into Future Cash Flows Journal of finance, pp 1-32.

The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language Essay

The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language EssayJudith Oakley is a social anthropologist who has spent a lot of her manner researching into many aspects of immanent life forms peerless of the most popular pieces of work was her work channeled close to Traveller-Gypsies. Oakley wrote her harbor Gypsy-Travellers and published it in 1983 it represents the everyday life of Gypsy-Travellers and their struggle infra the domination of a bigger society. The study conducted by Oakley occurred in the sixties around England and understandings of Gypsy-Travellers through bug out history sire provided us with the ideology that they sacrifice al moroseices been vagrant commonwealth travelling freely. However, in this take hold, Oakley n iodined how Gypsy-Travellers populate in Britain in the 1960s had to deal with numerous laws imposed by governments that would restrict their mobility and vanquish them from their true identity. Oakley is in constant teaching mode, and is a l meanss on the lookout for roundthing new to write about the Gypsy-Travellers, something that was unkn experience to the public. integrity problem that has al paths involveed the studies of Gypsies would be the definition of what a capital of Italy actually is while some believe it to be thought of in terms of purity of blood, others would regard it as social population, rather than an cultural marvel, which should be such dealt with victimisation social manners. One definition of a Gypsy would be One inclined to a nomadic, unconventional way of life. (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). These mint be the Gypsies that Okelys book refers to, and her outlook in regards to their identity underlies oft metres of her approach to the subject it is a common theme throughout the book, and one is left realising, that the author never presents a clear definition of what aGypsyactually is, how the meaning of the word has changed over judgment of conviction, with new laws and regulations unive rse put in place and holding these nation back, and how they be seen in todays society. While this seems to be the main(prenominal) weakness of the text, Oakley does include how Gypsies brave out and shows how Gorgios are perceived and acted upon and against, including how Gypsies compare themselves to Gorgios at heart the community.Oakleys text starts by her introducing herself and what she was doing at the time she wrote the book, using things she learned from other masses for example, she set that to some stack pierced ears were the still way to get to heaven, which was nurture believed to improve visual sand for Traveller-Gypsies, as she found out when questioning some of the people she lived with. Oakley social occasions numerous lists to show which people facilitateed her make her book happen thanking many people on the way, lean who gave her advice, who proof- get the book and who composed the final drafts to send off for publishing. She thanks the newspapers f or allowing her to use their content as a regard to deliver anonymity between those she was living with. Finally, she thanks the Traveller-Gypsies she was living with for being her guides and providing her with fellowship and laughter. This all adds up to show how much she appreciates the work of other people when trying to get her own work together it shows she has faith in the team of people she worked with and how she would trust them to help make her work successful.The put back of contents seems to show the author as writing the book chronologically from writing about what was historically believed, to self-ascribing themselves to be a Traveller-Gypsy. It finalises by listing how Gypsies travel, in what and with whom ahead writing about relationships and defining the role of the traveler women. Additionally, it lists terms Oakley used, which she came across when in the company of the traveller-gypsies, at the end of the book for referees ease of understanding their languag e. In ain opinion, chronologically ordering the carry over of contents seems to be a practical form of organisation as it shows how things have progressed throughout time, including any historical changes through research and the training of greater understandings. Furthermore, it allows for the reader to have a greater impression of how the people in the text live, what their means of transport is and how it has changed, and why these people live in the way that they do (be it economic reasons or political).Oakleys study is carve up into twelve chapters and a conclusion, which appears to be written in a well-structured way. The firstborn chapter addresses the history of Gypsy studies and invites popular misconceptions to be looked upon in a imposing manner this continues to be looked into in chapter two. Chapter three shows an insight into how Oakley planned to conduct her research and includes material that was proven to be valuable at the time of her study. Next, chapter fo ur narrates the place of the British Gypsy within the economic schema and includes non-Gypsy alliances with work contracts. Identity issues are further raised in chapter five, where self-ascription is discussed in detail. Chapter six entails dealings with maintenance of the boundaries between Gypsy and non-Gypsy, or Gorgio this very(prenominal) chapter also deals with the concept of things considered as ritually impure, which would usually be associated with Gorgios and their way of life further looked upon in chapter eleven. Chapter seven offers realistic pictures of the attitudes presented to Gypsies, including their way of life and means of livelihood, from Gorgios further, it shows the ways Gorgios deal with providing the populations accommodation. Chapter eight shows Oakley dealing with both the humans and myth of Gypsies as Traveller kind, and evidences out from the start that Gypsies do non travel about aimlessly, as either the romantics or the anti-Gypsy suggest (p. 12 5). Chapters ennead and ten show how marriage, kinship, husband-wife relationships and children are dealt with, including how a marriage is chosen and why. The eleventh chapter had explored the role of women in a British Romany society and includes a detailed discussion of the differences between Gypsy and Gorgio women, including stereotypes. The final chapter, chapter twelve, deals with death, superstition and organized religion however, these are not discussed in great depth further compendium of these would have allowed the reader a greater understanding when looking into how these things affect a Gypsies lifestyle.In her cerebrate remarks, Oakley notes how she can not necessarily think her chapter as she did not initially make a hypothesis. She relates to how gypsies are seen as trouble as they are kinds who refuse to settle and work for a living, unlike those who are already inhabited in an area do they refuse to become proletarianised within the community. It also states h ow although they travel, Traveller-Gypsies do give a community something they could not otherwise get without their aid, whether that is positive for the community or negative. Further, she states how differentiating between capital of Italy and Gorgio is not always easy, but the gypsy gardening has not always been accepted, as it whitethorn be led to be believed. The study was also a way to measure how gypsies deal with the way society treats them by shunning them it records the responses and retaliations of Traveller-Gypsies. A lot of gypsies would refuse Gorgio opening to their lives, yet it is needed in order for them to gain a pricy name and understanding of what they do without this they would be continually forced out of societies and would never have the possibility of being accepted into particular societies. The concluding remarks in this book encloses a statement which seems to be of importance Outsiders have projected onto Gypsies their own repressed fantasies and lo ngings for disorder . . . this study has confronted such fantasies (1983, p.232).From what has been read in her book, Oakley uses herself as the narrator of the text, she writes about what she found as and when it happened using any information she received and where it originated from. Additionally, the text written in the book has historical facts about the Traveller-Gypsies and how they have come to be the people they are yet Oakley not only includes ain opinions on the matters, but somebodyal experiences she has lived through whilst living within the Gypsy community. This gives the reader an understanding of what was adventure at the time of the study as they are able to empathise, not only with Oakley, but with the Traveller-Gypsies as they dealt with any struggles they faced. Oakley uses present tense within her writing with phrases such as it is presumed (p. 52) rather than the past tense it was this gives the reader to believe the books authenticity as it allows for both p eriods of time and shows comparisons between the two. In regards to the writing style, it would most likely be suited for collegial or university students, or in particular those more advanced in this theater of study, as the writing seems formal yet it contains academic information that may prove a challenge to those looking onto the subject from a less-educated point of view. For example, the way split of the text have been written in some parts, Oakley has referred to previous studies, a lot of them her own work, which may be identify as confusing for a student at any set down level of education, as they may be unavailing to understand parts of the text through the amount of referencing that is place.The author has a distinctive personal style, it is formal, yet informal Oakley uses evidence in her statements then puts up an overbearing argument against what she says, which additionally helps the reader understand what is being express. With her interpreting the gypsy life style, Oakley tends to use their jargon in her work, for example, using Gorgios to show a non-gypsy person in the gypsy life, of which are defined and listed in the back of the book. each accounts that are included in the book are based on personal visits to the community, therefore there may be misinterpretations within what has been said as a communication breakdown may have occurred further, Oakley may be using bias information when trying to put a point across as there were no other researchers to disapprove to her motives. This doesnt help with the fact that she may not be putting up a believable argument, which seems to be one of the main criticisms against this text with their only being Oakley to refer to. However, with this being said, her text does include references to previous kit and boodle from both herself and other former anthropologists in which she has used to back up some of her sources.Her studied natives were collectively anonymous in her work however, she do es use some forms of individuality. She uses one person rather than names as the people wishes to remain anonymous, which she accepted phrases of which the people would want to be called are used, i.e. one traveller said, rather than a person told me. It does come across as the travellers she was living with have their own voice in the ethnography she introduces them before using their quotes, giving the reader a sense of character however, found in the notes are individual names of the Travellers she lives with and what wise words they gave her to help her live within the community once she was accepted. This gives a greater sense of character for the individuals as although they were not specifically named in the text, they did have an liaison at the end of the book.Overall Oakley had provided a positive piece of text, with the main criticism being that her argument was not necessarily defined her own personal meaning of what a Traveller-Gypsy was had never been noted thus it was unable to be validated in todays society as definitions have further changed since her period of study. Suitably, this text is informative and gives vital information upon how Traveller-Gypsies used to live previous to any laws and regulations stopping them performing certain tasks within a community.Word Count 2,006

The effect of money in elections

The effect of currency in s choicesHistoric eachy, we exhaust had a cardinal party system with minor parties. In todays caller Americas two party systems affects the elections and decision of selectrs as an American Political Landscape. two parties progresses the ability to mark their semipolitical public services to individual votingrs ground on computer models they established from historic patterns and large sample- sized poll that push approaches towards the issues and the views, called data mining. in that respects either a view point with the egalitarian Party on the Right of the table, and on the left of the table there is the Republican Party that has a totally different observation virtually the topic of discussion. These will be the only TWO options you can vote on or either vote for. The Democratic and Republican subject area parties and most state parties are moderate in their policies and leadership.In juvenile years twain parties name streng and so t he role of the national committee and enhanced the inference of individual committee members. Over time, although the citizens have the honest to elect and vote, our Democracy party has have between the direct country and representative democracy. Having a direct democracy is allowing the people to vote who should extend to way as nominees in the office. In representative democracy this is allowing the people to elect those who govern to pass laws excessively known as the, Republic. The rules to the political voting and elections game have changed and expanded to the citizens, these rules in America affects how it is to be played. both words, Thriving Media, according to the text also in, Government by the People, (p. 212) is the surround function of our elections and voters in todays society. The media, in particular the print media, have been called the quartern estate and the fourth branch of government. S evety percent of the public suppose that the media and profit sour ces are watch dogs, here to inform us to the highest degree any such(prenominal) moves during an election. Everyone wants a say-so, and to point fingers at who to vote for the scoop up candidate, of the two. Platforms are ambiguous by design, giving voters few obvious reasons to vote against the party.The American two part system has the effect of using both systems against one another, who knows if each nominee will practice what they preach, once cosmos voted into the office. As read above yes we do have a two part system, but it seems like the two maybe combining unitedly and causing our voters and elections to bring across confusion. There are many internet resources we could use (Watch- Dogs) but in what favor are those resources really? The political game is just that a game utilize to get that, Winner-Takes-All peaking point. The American two part system affects our elections and voter choices by perception. I plane feel as if everyone is not acquiring to express thems elves with exactly what they contend from our government. Having a two part system does not let the join States explore enough or as many choices as having a muliti- system.Money,- Although the parties cannot exert tight affirm over candidates, their ability to raise and miss bullion has had a significant influence. This time in life money plays a major role on anything, so with the elections and votes it has full control over America. Studies have shown on the Google, website, that the Republican Party spends six measure as much money on their campaigns than the Democrat party. Thanks to, Citizens vs. F.E.C. getting the law passed that as much money can be given over or fundraised to a campaign in any issue forth. This allows all sorts of sponsors, busy groups, corporate fronts, and lobbyist to step their foot into the campaign world.Defend Democracy, this statement was apply to fight the battle that Corporations should be given an equal opportunity as citizens of the u nited States of America. In other, words opening the door so that all candidates should be able to spend as much money as conceivable to their campaign.As declared in 1976 and 1978, America has money be as, Soft Money- money raised in unconditioned amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts. also according to our text in Government by the People, (p. 197). America also has, Hard- Money- Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds is harder than raising unlimited funds, hence the term hard money.All national party committees combined raised more than $509 MILLION of soft money in the 1999- 2000 election cycles, up from 110 MILLION adjusted for inflation in 1991- 1992. inhibition soft money became the primary objective of reformers and wa s one of the more measurable provisions in the BRCA. Soft money enabled large donors to be major players in campaign finance.In the 2008 election the Obama campaign used ads such as the Internet to coordinate, communicate, and recruit volunteers (interest groups). I could say that it does give a freedom of speech, but to whom, the nominee or the voters? advertising is used ecumenic to persuade the people into buying the product. Political advertisement is very purpose able. In this situation the product thats trying to be sold is the vote. The United States uses political advertisement as an enhancement to vote for whoever the best candidate seems to favor at that time in the public eye.There may be some proof that the media may influence our culture in America by a great deal. America has the television, the compositions, Internet, and the radio for advertisement sources. The television gives us an image that print media such as the newspaper cannot. We get to experience and c reate a picture of what things are waiver on in the political world. Newspapers are still being read, as I still do read them but not necessarily for politics, I usually do watch the television to keep up with elections for visuals.Another stronger advertisement in politics and in anything today is the Internet. The drastic increase in usage of the web also can give visuals and a lot of information on the candidates up for running. The news media have changed dramatically throughout the course of U.S. history. By calling the publics attention to accepted issues, the media help determine what topics will become subjects of public debate and legislation.In a way the advertisement of the elections is to throw out an attention grabber, then lower the audience in to pick them as a nominee. Advertisement is very persuasive in running elections. This subject can also put us back at the money being used for the elections. The more money a campaign has the more information and bare they can attend to get to voters. Cool slogans catch the peoples interests, especially a younger crowd that rarely pays close thoughtfulness to anything in politics.There are a lot of commercials and post boards blinding us active different candidates proposal. No one would ever get to see the competitors motive if they could not raise enough money to broadcast as much. jibe to different internet anonymous sources all over the internet, theres an impression that breadbasket helping maintain certain nominees up for the office stand to be pretty scandalous. On that note I leave this paper with the determination of huge information and knowledge I didnt know or had even considered with my own government. Happening in the United States of America, is the American two- party system, money issues, and advertisement usage and the effects on elections and the voter system today.

History Of The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay

History Of The Existence Of god Philosophy EssayAfter reading Anselms Proslogion, a mortal could be positive(p) of the existence of a controlling cosmos, based on the ontological argument he provides. Anselm claims that there exists a beingness that which nonhing great evoke be thought. He is referring to ameliorateion and shows how the unsubdivided image of paragon in ones mind essays that god exists beca enforce it is that which nothing greater asshole be thought. An idea that exists only in the mind and not in man is not as great as an idea, which exists in moreover about(prenominal). Since deity is the great being, god essential exist in our minds as well as in reality.If a person had read the starting of the five ship fagal presented by Thomas doubting Thomas in the Summa of Theology and his Summa Against the Hea then(prenominal)s, this person could be convinced of a divine being through the proof of an un contacted mover, who Aquinas conveys as divin ity. The first of the five ways that Aquinas uses to prove the existence of God is related to motion. Aquinas says that some objects in the valet de chambre ar in motion. These objects must be moved by some opposite object in motion. From that, he makes the deduction that there is a grand chain of movers that not only move objects nevertheless in any case ar moved by objects before them. Since the chain gougenot go to infinity, there must be some unmoved(predicate) mover that starts the chain and Aquinas concludes this being to be God.We forget c tout ensemble the twain previous convictions A, representing Anselm and T, representing Thomas Aquinas. Also, we ordain refer to G as the conviction that God exists. Together both(prenominal) convictions, A and T, are not same to G. A and T both take unalike routes in proving G merely are blemished in their cause ways.Take for example A by itself, which is not refer to G. From individual to individual, there squirt be di fferent notions of the enunciate God. For example, take an idea of a sports car that which nothing greater preempt be thought. Two different people may hit two very different ideas of what makes a sports car the sterling(prenominal). The use of the enounce superlative in the argument is left for individual interpretation and also serious the thought of the greatest sports car does not mean that it exists. Simply conceiving the greatest of eitherthing does not result in its existence. If everyone had the same definition of God, a stronger sheath for A equaling G could be made but we know this not to be true. Anselms argument works under special circumstances but cannot be extended for every case.T by itself is not equal to G. Strictly speaking, T merely provides reasoning for a being that is an unmoved mover, not an all-powerful deity. However, Aquinas attributes this being to God but it can just as easily be attributed to any other being. Applying Aquinass pattern that mo tion of an object must be received from a mournful object before that object, the argument would result in infinity. If God is the first unmoved mover to start the motion of objects, the notion of God contradicts Aquinas foundation that all movers must be moved.An workaday idea of God is a supreme being that is all frank, omniscient, and omnipotent. Given such a conception, the conviction represented by A partially fails to be equivalent to it because of the various self-reliances that Anselm makes in his ontological proof. Anselm references the greatest being, that which nothing greater can be thought, however, this does not necessarily mean that this being is omniscient, omnipotent, or other qualities that are included in an everyday conception of God. This is due to the simple fact that a persons interpretation of greatness or idea of greatest may or may not encompass these qualities. Consider the everyday mans knowledge for a great basketball player. Some would assume th at this person would be extremely tall. Using Anselms proof for the greatest basketball player that can be thought, each persons idea could be potentially different from the next. Some may define the greatest as the quickest or the best at shooting while others would jib that it would be the tallest man. This visitation to be equivalent is only a partial failure because some may have the same definition as the ordinary conception while others would have a different definition.T partially fails to be equivalent to the ordinary conception of God as well but is closer to equivalence than A. In the first of Aquinas five ways, he simply proves a being that is a mover that is not moved. This can be interpreted to be an omnipotent being because it breaks away from the assumption that all objects that can move must be moved by some other object before it. Only an all-powerful being would be able to be the unmoved mover. The first of the five ways does not embody the other ordinary concep tions of God in any way. However, if we were to puff up our prior knowledge which led us to conviction T from just including the first way to including all five ways then we are closer to equivalence. Each of the five ways proves a different quality that a being could have which can be juxtaposed with the ordinary conceptions of god. Aquinas is closer to proving the existence of God with his five ways in comparison with Anselms ontological proof.We allow for refer to the limited acceptance that David Hume distinguishs for earthy theology, as H. H is not directly equivalent to A or T, or both together because H is built upon the premise that analogies cannot be extended to the existence of God. A and T both conclude with statements that choose the existence of God. Strictly speaking, Hume would not agree with A or T, then H does not equal A or T. Hume does however agree with the fact that if the arguments, A or T, are convincing enough, then they can be extended to human intel ligence but not any further.H captures less of what people ordinarily take the word God to mean. Hume does not suggest anywhere in his limited acceptance of cancel theology about the existence of God or any of the ordinary notions that are associated with God. Since he does not accept the existence of God as deduced by natural theology, his statement, H, does not bear any similarity to the ordinary conception of God. To a certain extent, A and T do acknowledge God and based on individual interpretation capture what the word God incorporates. Therefore, H captures less of the ordinary notion of God then A or T. Philosophers have yet to agree upon a authorized answer to whether God exists or not and each one provides their own argument. Each argument has its strengths and weaknesses and ultimately, we continue to work to find the answer.Word search 937Problem of EvilThe challenge issued by Gretchen Weirob in John Perrys converse on Good, Evil and the Existence of God is directed t owards surface-to-air missile Miller. not only does Gretchen want Sam to prove to her the existence of God, but also Gods coexistence with poisonous in the natural mankind. A successful answer to this challenge would be a clear and proficient proof for how a perfect God can exist and can create a manhood where there is evil. Sam starts arguing that God has a heavy(a) draw plan for the universe, which includes necessary evil and imperfections for the greater close. Gretchen does not buy into his big picture argument and in order to prove the big picture, Sam presents her with a three-part theodicy.The first part discusses free will, where Sam says that creatures and beings have the selection to make good choices or bad ones and the path that they choose is simply up to them. Consider the choice a student makes in the midst of swindling on a test and studying diligently. The decision that he makes is up to him because he has free will. Gretchen is not convinced and does not believe that an all-good God can exist because of this reason.Sam counters with the second part, which considers the notion of the afterlife where God does justice for all the wrongs that are done in the land. For example, a flaw justice system could result in a immoral not being punished for his crime or an innocent man fetching the fall for something the man has not done. In the afterlife, God, an all-fair and just being, would punish the criminal and reward the innocent man. Gretchen provides examples for evils that are not caused or controlled by valet and Sam has an answer for that as well.The final part deals with the existence of devils, which causes agony and pain through natural phenomenon. This encompasses the remaining evil in the foundation that is not directly an effect of free will. For example, a tsunami that wipes out umpteen cities is not something a human can control and it is explained by the will of the devils.These various ideas and the examples that def end them offer a satisfactory response to how evil can exist in the area created by a supreme being. Sams theodicy is difficult to argue with as he provides examples and observations in the natural world that eventually encompass all kinds of evil in the world. Gretchen is unable to add up up with any more counter-examples or scenarios of evil in the world and she admits that Sam has provided a satisfactory response to her challenge.In David Humes Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Philo claims the idea of such a Deity is consistent with the nature of the world. God create the world and everything in it. Therefore, a logical parallel to draw is between the nature of the world and the nature of God. Philos argument could answer Gretchens challenge because she is simply looking for a possible explanation not necessarily a feasible one. As long as Gretchen is provided an explanation for how God can exist alongside the evidence of so much evil in the world, she will treat this as a satisfactory response.However, there is good and evil in the world and given this nature, we cannot infer that God exists. Since our world is not perfect, our evidence and observations cannot be used as a expel for the argument of Gods existence. For example, if a vehicle were to collide with an innocent pedestrian, an all-perfect God would not only know it was going to happen but also could have prevented it from happening in the first place. We can extend this example to all grief in the world and dismiss any understanding of God that comes from the world. If a perfect deity were to create a perfect world, we could use that evidence to prove the existence of such a deity.In my opinion, the inability to make this inference would hinder Philos ability to meet Gretchens challenge because he would be unable to prove to her that a supreme benevolent being exists. Philo explains four hypotheses for the possible nature of God perfectly good, completely evil, good and evil, and inco mplete good nor evil. The first two are immediately throw out because of the natural world has both good and evil thereof God has to somehow embody both forces. The third possibility is viewed by many as two separate beings, one representing good and another representing evil. If this were the case, then our world would be caught in a struggle and this is not evident simply observing what happens on Earth. What we can see is irrespective of the nature of a person, that person is subject to the laws of nature. For example, a thief and a charity worker living in a city could both lose their homes because of a hurricane. Their individual nature has nothing to do with whether the hurricane will affect them or not. God set up these laws of nature to affect everyone. Therefore, God is neither good nor evil.At best, Philo would prove to Gretchen about neither an all-good, nor an all-evil God, rather a neutral one. Gretchen would not be entirely convinced because her definition of God alo ng with the general consensus is that God is all-good. The only assumptions for a possible existence of God come from what we can observe and the caper of evil in the world is a definite deterrent in proving this to be true.

Swot Analysis Of China Telecom Marketing Essay

fancy up Analysis Of chinaw be tele conversationmunication grocery storeing EssayIn this chapter, we volition perform SWOT digest to each keep company mainly establish on their annual reports, as hearty as forecast their incoming trends and external environments ontogeny in the coming years done their in store(predicate) strategies and youthfuls. SWOT summarizes the key issues from the subscriber line environment and the strategic capability of an narkup that argon most likely to impact on dodge development. This whoremonger in addition be useful as a basis against which to return strategic options and assess in store(predicate) course of action. (Johnson, G.2008)Strengths characteristics of the descent, or project team that give it an advantage over early(a)sWeaknesses (or Limitations) are characteristics that place the team at a disadvantage relative to othersOpportunities external chances to improve performance (e.g. make greater profits) in the environmentTh reats external elements in the environment that could ingest trouble for the business or project6.1 SWOT analysis of mainland china telecommunicationStrengthsAbsolutely prima(p) broadband resources and communicate infra anatomical structure in chinaware. They collapse real squiffy advantages in fixed communication domain of a function1. absolute abilities in the development of saucy business because their affluent net profit resources and various business types.The first telecommunicationmunications operator in mainland China to resign obscure computing strategy and solutions2.To innovated the data traffic food marketing model, through strengthening sales and marketing to enhance nodes experience and cultivating users habit of impost to annex data revenue3.They testament strive to enhance their strengths in innovation, benefit, efficient centralisation and operating(a) theater counseling, and take more solid travel towards the goal of being a world-clas s co-ordinated information service provider so as to create more value for shareholders4.China Telecom ingests a great mount of customers in China, and they film effective customer relationship. With 77 billion wireline broadband subscribers and 126 million roving subscribers5, they have a great advantage in the market share.China Telecom has move on service persona they build the Group Customer function Center to supply more perfect service to their customers6.WeaknessesAs a state-run company, it has a heavy social province. There are more than four hundred thousands employers working in this company, and the company likewise have a employment to help some(a) backward areas build communication entanglements, as well as do castiture in the basic network facilities. So the companys deed terms is very noble school7.Complex musical arrangement structure of the company leading to their market reaction speed is comparatively s downhearted, and the cost of innovation i s high8.The starting point of Chinese new network development is lower than the europiuman countries.The channel of distribution is weak because of the point of accumulation of state policies and profession9.The companys strategy only focus on the occurrent operation, the lack of long-term strategy and strategic planning talentss make the company be weak in the over all(prenominal) situation10.The youngly network infrastructure erectnot supply specific services to customers because China Telecom has advanced network infrastructure which are mostly used to meet the conduct of general service, not based on the actual market haves.OpportunitiesIn 2011, Chinas fluent telecommunications market has gradually migrated from 2G to 3G services. With accelerated growth in 3G services, the market potential was Brobdingnagian11.China has launched its own domestic 3G ready applied science standard TD-SCDMA, which volition challenge CDMA2000 and W-CDMA12.Government determination to in vest in Chinas telecommunications industry ensuring that it becomes innovative13.With 1.3 billion citizens, the size of the telecom markets is the spectaculargest.China is actively expending its political and economic ties with study emerging markets, which contribute China Telecoms Strategic cooperation all over the world14.At present, 3G service and wireline broadband service are still in a period of high growth. The commercialization of new services such as mobile Internet, befog computing and Internet of Things is further accelerating, which get out open up a new area for the Companys development15.ThreatsSince 2010, the governments investment in 3G will be reduced gradually, and the development of the telecom industry will be determined mainly by consumption16.In recent years, a ring of foreign companies solicit telecom talents in China by high-salary or high-welfare policy. As a result, the brain drains of China Telecom become hard17.In China, there are relatively stric t demarcation by industry policies in the aspect of business license, Internet services and telecom fees etc.In the present China telecom market, the control of unlikeness has restricted the development of China telecom18.The telecom market is worthy saturate and competition between domestic telecom companies become more desirous19.The integration of the information industry and intensifying market competition in China.6.2 SWOT analysis of Royal KPNStrengthsKPN is ranked amongst the most sustainable European telecommunications companies for the second year in a row20.The image of households that KPN can serve with fiber services has grown sharply21.Strong Operational Performance in terms of telephony services22.The strong KPN brand. KPN has a number of other consumer brands in different countries, because they have a varied customer base which calls for a suitable range of products and services.KPN will strengthen their market positions in the Netherlands by an enhanced focus on product and service quality, a more efficient organization and a tighter policy on costs.KPN will create a nimble organization by simplifying the organizational structure and by offering a clearer bewilder of products and services in both the business and consumer markets in the Netherlands.KPN posture to increase the customer base for fixed and mobile telephony and curb curiously good opportunities for the fiber network. They will stop their Mobile International challenger strategy in the coming years.WeaknessesBusiness market size declining receivable to price pressure, slide byd rationalization and macroeconomic impact23.Concentrated revenues from Netherlands, with other geographies contributing very less in terms of profits24.Customers miss in traditional mobile service because of new Internet communication services25.Lost market share to competitors in the mobile vault of heaven due to what customers perceive to be high prices and inflexible service packages26.Mark et reaction speed is relatively slow, leading to a downtrend in the operation revenue27.OpportunitiesStrategic eruditions- opportunities across the globe, and the company said that KPN will continue to explore all strategic options28.Increasing demand for the more remunerative 3G services, variety of 3G services also supply more broad development space to KPN.4Gs springing up request the support of a sustained investment29.The sharp rise in mobile internet usage, as is data usage, the telecom and ICT landscape is continuously developing30.The ripening range of new and profitable services based on internet protocol31. scientific opportunities from Smartphone, tablets, fiber and cloud services32.ThreatsCompetitive pressures from its more ball-shaped competitors.The European local telecom markets tend to saturate.Regulatory issues across Europe. Due to MTA (Matanuska phone Association) impact, the edict about Roaming and Spectrum may lower KPNs growth in ARPU33. more and more sub stitute text messages or voice calls with instant messaging or voice over internet protocol services such as Skype34.European debt crisis and looming recession impact the companys business and corporate market, lead to consumer authorization declining.NMA (National Media Association) starts an investigation regarding possible collusion of mobile operators on propositions in the mobile market. Regulator OPTA announces to put KPN on close supervision further to so-called violations of obligations based on the Telecommunication Act35.http//wenku.baidu.com/view/7cef4a070740be1e650e9af6.html 6.3 SWOT analysis of Deutsche TelekomStrengthsThe widely basic network facilities across all over the Europe and strategic partnerships36.Bid amount of customers with high loyalty and upscale markets.A leading Internet service provider with more than 25 million broadband subscribers and strong performance of broadband services37.Absolutely leading technology advantage in telecom industry and compre hensive business services. It is placing a wide range of products and services in the Telekom cloud38.The global famous brand with broad market distribution and their business services provide all over the world39.They will continue to invest in key growth areas despite un roaring regulation. They are construction modern broadband networks both wireless and wireline, which makes them a major reader to the online society.They are focusing on innovation- with some areas, such as mobile internet and cloud computing, already generating substantial revenues40.They will be investing in modernizing the network and continuing their efforts to establish T-Mobile as the carrier that offers customers the outmatch value for money.Weaknesses steep operate pressure from the companys high debt41.Fast prosper lead to the companys scale is too bid, as well as the market reaction speed is relatively slow.Relatively lower service quality than the other leading telecom companies in Europe42.The cos t of management is too high because of the corporate unification and acquisition in recent years43.Competition from other European and global operators means subaltern market share growth.The falling fix-line business markets make a big loss in companys revenue44.Limited presence in Asiatic markets45.OpportunitiesGer many another(prenominal) is the largest national economy in Europe and the consumption level is high46. The fact means that Deutsche Telekom has a comfortable development environment and business markets.Germany has Europes largest telecom market, with average penetration in the broadband and mobile sectors47. tall data volumes, a booming smart phone market and customer demand for high-speed networks in local market48.Corporate merger and acquisitions over the world.Increasing demand for the 3G services and new networks technologies such as 4G and mobile internet usage49.Positive outlook for cloud computing. harmonise to experts, in 2020 many companies will no longe r have their own servers and instead switch to cloud50.The development of modern wireless technologies highlights their authorized technical advantages51.ThreatsGovernment intervention. Government intervention could put downside pressure on the stock and increase political risk.Unfavorable regulation and the imposition of special(a) taxes in some countries in Southern and Eastern Europe52. herculean economic situation in Europe as well as the huge challenges that Deutsche Telekom are facing in telecom industry- continuing intense competition in their core business with network connections.Depression of European telecom industry and the local market tend to saturate.The shortage of talent in Germanys telecom industry53.Users demand for the service quality is decent high and higher54.Increasingly substitute network services imperil the traditional business.6.4 ConclusionIn concluding, we can see from the SWOT analysis, China Telecom is one of the worlds largest telecom provider d ue to the Chinas huge population and potential market, so the companys advanced technology, innovation ability, as well as 3Gs spring up in China will bring a huge business value to China Telecom. This is meaning the same huge potential investment opportunity for the investor. It will be a very good period to invest in China Telecom. Besides, Mobile Internet, Cloud computing and Internet of Things will open up a new area for the Companys development. That is all the good news that brings investors more benefits from their investment. But Chinas telecom business is immature relatively because the late start and China Telecom as a state-run company has a heavy social responsibility and express mail develop environment. For investors, invest in state-run company means they will meet more investment restriction. High operating costs, strict limitation policies and increasing competition will be huge challenges to China Telecom. That also means more investment risk for investors. Accor ding to the chairman of China Telecom, Wang Xiaochus report in 2012, China Telecom is aiming to be the world-class integrated information service provider. To enhance their strengths in innovation, service, efficient centralization and operation management will be China Telecoms core strategy in the future.Royal KPN is a leading telecom provider of Netherlands, with strong operative performance especially in telephony services. It will be a strong advantages at present when the demand for varies of telephony services is growing rapidly. The companys stable development strategies make it be one of the most sustainable European telecommunications companies. So it can be seen that invest in KPN is favorable and safe. Then, increasing usage of new communication technologies such like mobile internet will make a draw play of business opportunities to the company. Besides, Companys acquisitions and telecom services across geographies will further promote the companys development. We bel ieve that KPN will attract more investors as the development of new communication technologies and the companys denotation strategies. But the competition from other European telecom companies means limited market shares, as well as the saturated market and regulatory issues across EU, giving huge pressures to the company. Besides, global economic slowdown and debt crisis in European also make adverse influence to the companys development. For investors, the saturated telecom markets and floundering economy in Europe means they will get relatively few returns when they invest in KPN at present. And the debt crisis in EU also leads to investment risk. In the coming years, we can see from KPNs new strategy 2011-2015, they will promote the Strengthen, Simplify and Grow strategy and ambitions towards their goals in 2015, aim to give more favorable product and services to customer.Deutsche Telekom is the largest telecommunications company in Europe with widely basic network facilities a nd strategy partnerships. A lot of investors pick to choose Deutsche Telekom because its global famous brand with broad market distribution and their business services are provided all over the world. High telecom technology, high loyalty customers and upscale markets make the company have strong competition powers among the increasing competitors in Europe. So invest in Deutsche Telekom is general considered to be reliably. But undue corporate merger and acquisition strategy, as well as the companys high debt make high operating pressures to the company. These adverse factors in companys operation will threat the profit returns in the investors investment. Also as an EU country, regulatory issues, strict competition and debt crisis in Europe will be big challenges to the company. In the future, Deutsche Telekom will continue to invest in key growth areas despite unfavorable regulation. They are building modern broadband networks both wireless and wireline, which makes them a major contributor to the online society. They will also focusing on innovation with some areas, such as mobile internet and cloud computing.In general, all of the three companies have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Increasing competition, saturated markets and regulatory issues are the situations which the telecom industry must to face with. How to balance the increasing demand for new network services and the loss of traditional business will be the key points to every telecom provider. For investors, despite we can see that invest in China Telecom will have often potential due to the increasing demands for new services, but the immature telecom markets and limited develop environment in China mean higher investment risk than the other two companies. Invest in KPN and Deutsche Telekom are both considered to be safe and reliably, because their strong brands, advanced network facilities and technologies. We can see that, be contract with the adverse economic environment a nd regulation in Europe, KPN relatively well development strategies help them reduce many losses, and meet more business opportunities in new technical demands. Deutsche Telekoms low market reaction speed and high cost lead a higher loss in their traditional communication services. So we prefer to choose KPN for investors to do investment due to the companys sustainable competition advantages and future development strategies.

Essay --

The X - ray was discovered in 1985 by a German physicist, Sir W. C. Roentgen. Since then, the application of radiation has been widely used in radiology, nuclear medication and radiotherapy for both diagnostic and treatment of different kind of diseases encountered by the human beings.(Luk, Leung, & Cheng, 2010).Even though the radiation play important role in diagnostic and treating the patient, the biological effect caused by medical radiation is to a greater extent concerned in recent survey(Arslanolu et al., 2007). Due to the advanced organic evolution of medical equipments such as multi - detector row computed mental imagery and nuclear medicine there is significant increase in the populations cumulative exposure(Rehani & Berris, 2012).The application of computer tomography has increased dramatically since 1970,with the number of annual scan go up to 72 one million million in 2007 form 2 million in 1980s (Baumann et al., 2011).The radiological examination performed eve ry year crossed 3.6 billion and the number is judge to increase in future(Nations, Committee, & Radiation, 2010).since the radiological exam...

Armand Fernandez :: Armand Fernandez Artists Painters Essays

Armand FernandezBorn as Armand Fernandez in 1928 at Nice, the male child of an antique dealer. His first lessons in word picture were given him by his father. He took his Baccalaurat in philosophy and mathematics in 1946 and began to study painting at the cole Nationale dArt Dcoratif, Nice. In 1947 he met Yves Klein and Claude Pascal in Paris and accompanied them on a hitch-hiking tour of Europe. Completing his studies in Nice in 1949, he enrolled as a student at the cole du Louvre, where he concentrated on the study of archaeology and oriental person art. His pictures at this time were influenced by Surrealism. In 1951 he became a teacher at the Bushido Kai Judo School. He completed his military service as a medical orderly in the Indo-Chinese War. He did abstract paintings in 1953.He took part in actions with Yves Klein, with whom he had been discussing subjects such as Zen Buddhism and astrology since 1947. He married Eliane Radigue. He was impressed by a Kurt Schwitters army in Paris in 1954 which inspired him to begin his work with cast imprints, the Cachets. He earned his living during this period through occasional jobs, exchange furniture and harpoon fishing. He had his first one-man exhibitions in capital of the United Kingdom and Paris in 1956. In 1957 he travelled in Persia, joker and Afghanistan. In 1958 he dropped the d in his name, inspired by a printers error. He started his monotypes using objects, his Allures. In 1959 he did his first Accumulations and Poubelles. The Accumulations were assemblages of everyday objects and equivalent consumer articles displayed in boxes. The Poubelles were similar, but used collections of rubbish. In 1960 he became a existence member of the Nouveaux Ralistes. Through this group he made tinge with members of the Zero group. He showed in New York and Milan in 1961 and made his slice and smashed objects (Couples, Colres). In 1962 he showed in various European cities and also in Los Angeles, where he was as sisted by Edward Kienholz. He started his questionable Combustions, or burned objects, in 1963. He also took up temporary residence in New York. In 1964 he had his first museum retrospectives at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, and at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. Polyester now became his most important material. In 1965 and 1966 he was given large retrospective exhibitions in Krefeld, Lausanne, Paris, Venice and Brussels.

Speech of Pericles :: essays research papers

(63) Once more, you are bound to maintain the proud dignity of your metropolis in which you all take pride for you should not covet the glory unless you will endure the toil. And do not calculate that you are fighting about a simple issue, freedom or slavery you have an empire to lose, and there is the danger to which the hatred of your gallant rule has exposed you. Neither can you resign your power, if, at this crisis, whatever timorous or inactive spirit is for thus playing the respectable man. For by this time your empire has become a tyranny which in the opinion of mankind whitethorn have been unjustly gained, only when which cannot be safely surrendered. The men of whom I was speaking, if they could find followers, would soon ruin a city, and if they were to go and found a state of their own, would equally ruin that. For inactiveness is secure only when arrayed by the side of activity nor is it expedient or safe for a sovereign, but only for a causa state, to be a serva nt.(64) You must not be led away(p) by the advice of such citizens as these, nor be angry with me for the resolution in favour of war was your own as much as mine. What if the oppositeness has come and done what he was certain to do when you refused to yield? What excessively if the plague followed? That was an unexpected blow, but we might have foreseen all the rest. I am well aware that your hatred of me is aggravated by it. precisely how unjustly, unless to me you excessively ascribe the credit of any extraordinary success which may befall you36 The visitations of heaven should be borne with resignation, the sufferings inflicted by an enemy with manliness. This has of all time been the spirit of Athens, and should not die out in you. Know that our city has the greatest name in all the world because she has never yielded to misfortunes, but has sacrificed more lives and endured severer hardships in war than any other wherefore also she has the greatest power of any state up t o this day and the storage of her glory will always survive. Even if we should be compelled at hold to abate somewhat of our greatness (for all things have their times of

The Mystery of the Pyramids Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Paper

Why ask why the not bad(p) profit was built? Because it is the most massive edifice on the planet, at least(prenominal) twice the volume and thirty times the mass of the Empire pronounce Building. Because it is aligned to the true cardinal points of the compass even though no compass is known to confound existed at its time of wind. Because its masonry which weighs up to lxx tons is joined to the fiftieth of an inch. Because its casing stones were polished to the standard of novel optical work. Why was such an enormous job, combined with such unthinkable accuracy, deemed necessary for the construction of a mere tomb and funerary blow up to a dead king who never occupied it? It is an enormous undertaking for such a seemingly useless building - a building that is thought of by most to be a house for a dead pharaoh. But there are former(a) reasons to question why the Great pyramid and indeed why any of the thirty or so pyramids were built than simply because of its immense s ize, features, and effort that must have been involved in its construction. A large amount of theories exist that devise about its true or other functions. Is the Great Pyramid an astronomical observatory, a huge public works project, the Bible written in solid stone, a prophetic work, or an energy collector? Who intentional and built the Great Pyramid? God, Thoth, a past civilization, or berth aliens? It is these questions that will be examined so that we can gain a intermit understanding of why such seemingly enormous undertakings of pyramid construction were ever carried out. Why do some believe that the Great Pyramid (or the pyramid of the pharaoh Khufu or Cheops) at Ghiza was designed with clear mathematical connect between the Pyramids dimensions and the Ea... ...ris. The Pyramids. New York Hippocrene Books , 1988. De Jager, Cornelius. Adventures in Science and Cyclosophy. Skeptical Inquirer pass 1992. Hadingham, Evan. Pyramid Schemes . The Atlantic November 1992 . Ha mblin, Dora Jane. A Unique Approach to Unraveling the Secrets of the Great Pyramids . Smithsonian April 1986 . Lemesurier, Peter. The Great Pyramid Decoded. Longmead Element Books Ltd. 1989. Mendelssohn, Kurt. The Riddle of the Pyramids. New York Praeger Publishers 1974. Stiebing, William H. Jr.. Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions, and other Popular Theories about Mans Past. Buffalo Prometheus Books 1984. Tompkins, Peter. Secrets of the Great Pyramid. New York Harper & row 1971. Works Consulted Trachtenberg, Marvin. Architecture From Prehistory to Post-Modern New York Hary N. Abrams, Inc. 1986.

Probability Theory Statistics :: essays research papers

The Collier Encyclopedia&8217s definition for probability is the meet for events that are non certain and the reasonableness of one expectation over another. These expectations are usu on the wholey based on some facts about departed events or what is known as statistics. Collier describes statistics to be the science of the mixed bag and manipulation of data in order to draw inferences. Inferences here foot be read to mean expectations, leading to the conclusion that the two go hand in hand in achieveing what mankind has tried to accomplish since the beginning of time &8211 predicting the future. It is the notion of science that this is the almost accurate dash to predict events yet to occur and this has lead to it being the most widely accepted &8220fortune telling tool in the world today.Probability and Statistics most widespread use is in the arena of gambling. Gambling is big all over the world and lots of money is won and lost with their aid. In horse racing especia lly the statistics of a horse in ground of its physical condition and winning history sway numbers of persons into accept that the mathematical evidence that is derived can actually be a cheeseparing indicator of a race&8217s outcome. Usually it is if the odds or probability are great in favor of the desired outcome. besides the future is uncertain and races can turn out any of a number of different ways.The field of medicine is another postgraduate lector to this forecasting technique. Potential diagnoses are frequently made based on a patient&8217s history or that of his ancestors and the calculated likelihood of him/her acquiring certain conditions. Statistics and probability aid in the decision fashioning process of which test may be required for a granted symptom and how a possible outbreak may be find and contained. Strategies for isolating and dealing with diseases are often made with the aid of statistics on the percentage of a population that may have been infected and the probability of its escalation. The stick out forecasters use probability and statistics just as much if not more than any other field on earth. As weather patterns are not fully understood and are dynamic, analysts have to avow heavily on past weather systems and patterns to &8220guess or estimate the scuttle of present weather systems to behave in similar manners. If the probability of its behavior, consequence to certain factors, in one manner over another is high forecasters make decisions as to how to advise the public.

Environmental Threats Essays -- essays research papers

Contemporary IssuesEnvironmental threatsOverpopulationEvery 20 minutes, the world adds another 3,500 human kick the buckets but loses one or more than entire species of animal or plant life - at least 27,000 species per year. ZGP July 1999 World population growth peaked at ab step to the fore devil percent per year in the early 1960s. Latest population figures repoint that the rate of growth has slowed to 1.33 percent annually, tantamount(predicate) to 78 million tribe a year. UNFPA 1999 The highest world population growth rate was 2.04 percent in the late 1960s. This year, it is about 1.31 percent. NY Times World population growth is equivalent to around three babies every second. UNFPA 99 New inhabitants add the equivalent of a city the size of San Francisco to world population every three daytimeThe world population is growing fast and the effects of this be &61623 pabulum shortages &61623 exhaustion of farm land and soil erosion&61623 insufficient motive supplies&6162 3 social un-rest and war &61623 immense pressure on welf ar dust and national benefits&61623 crime due to lack of space and jobs The world in the future will be able to support less not more people this is due to carefully farmed areas losing there top-soil (the cause is everywhere farming), but the world needs more and not less victuals so sizabler fields are required but these large fields allow soil and wind erosion to happen more quickly. Fertilisers only speed up this erosion e.g. America (Arizona) land is baseless and dusty because of the chemicals poisoning the land. Also in places such as Egypt where the peeing supply is irrigated from underground water supplies, the water contains mineral salts, which will behind poison the land.We can say that overpopulation can effect the jurisprudence in a dramatic way, as the ratio between a police officer and the public is increasing. This can effect the police officers productivity and speciality in dealing with crime. We can say that Public services in general are under-funded, this in part can be darned on the amount of people not paying tax (asylum seekers, unemployed, O.A.Ps). I.e. as science grows so do length of years people live as dose the funding which is required to keep these people (pension, benefits) which could be spent on Public services. The Police Federations research foundcapital of the United Kingdom has 25,121 officers, one for every 290 ... ...that any conclusion upon the safety of introducing genetically modify materials into the UK is premature, as there is insufficient evidence to inform the decision-making process at present.There are concerned that consumption of the maize will control to an increased resistance to antibiotics in human and animal populations. The testing carried out on GM foods is inadequate. Quite often the testing is carried out by the companies themselves that seek to benefit financially from the product. Releasing genetically modified organisms into the surroundings represents genetic pollution. There are long held concerns about the transfer from genetically engineered play plants to wild relatives to create superweeds, which could out-compete and disrupt the natural biodiversity of an area. Many GM crops are also able to crossbreed with neighbouring crops. Government research concluded that breed would be inevitable. Critics argue that we do not know comme il faut about the way genes operate and interact to be sure of what the resultant role of any modification will be. They worry that the alterations could accidentally lead to substances that are poisonous or trigger allergies.

Ron Howards, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Mental Illness

In Ron Howards work, A well-favored Mind, depicts the real life account of Professor John Nash and his struggle with paranoiac Schizophrenia. The topic of mental illness has become popularized as of late, bad-temperedly in popular media ( lead, television). This focus on mental disorders has greatly improved sentiency of mental disorders, only if this media has become a double edged sword. The alike process that educates people (ie these films and shows) can also disseminate largely off-key or misleading information. In the film, both sides of this information distribution phenomena be expressed. To evaluate the effectiveness of the movie to accurately describe the occurrence of paranoid Schizophrenia one must look at the accuracy of the onset, symptoms, and the discussion given to Dr. Nash. The first gear area that must be analyzed in the assessment of the accuracy of paranoid Schizophrenia as shown in A Beautiful Mind is the onset and premature development of symptoms. Th e onset of the indisposition has many factors to be evaluated. First, the age of onset, for Nash, is presumed to be early twenties (ie when he would be in fine-tune school). This age is in seam with the catamenia understanding of Schizophrenia. The age of onset is usually between late teens to early adulthood (although it can start later) which would be exactly the time which the film depicted Nash as first experiencing symptoms. Although it still falls in line with the diagnostic criteria of Schizophrenia, it is important to note that the hallucinations that Nash experienced started occurring after he had gradatory graduate school. The onset of symptoms also falls in line with a great increase in stress in his environment (joining graduate school and the quest for the unifying theory), w... ...on practice of medicine between his first and second hospitalizations, which is true. But, it also depicts him as being on new medication after he is released from the hospital the sec ond time. This is not true, Nash actually rejected taking any medication after his second hospitalization and has been managing his symptoms since. The producers matte up that this rejection of modern medicine would encourage more people to reject medication.To summarize, although the image of Nashs disorder differs on some points from clinical and practical reality, it does fairly accurately describe the symptoms and difficulties that someone who suffers from paranoid Schizophrenia would suffer from. In this particular instance, Hollywood did not butcher a disorder for their own gain, but one must always tread lightly when allowing artistic freedom of a real account or real disorder.

Successful Relationships And Short Stories :: essays research papers

Successful Relationships and defraud StoriesA palmy family relationship is the blessed Grail in behavior for most large number. We atomic number 18constantly peeping and striving to attain that oblige with someone with outfully ground the components involved in devising it happen. In a time of sequent monogamy, marriage drive thrus, and quick fix divorces, we dont have muchincentive to authorise that sort of time. Relationships argon lite to get out of.But in order to have a successful relationship, both parties must introductoryactively communicate their intentions of what they are hoping to gain from therelationship, concerns, and hopes for themselves as individuals and as acollective. Failure to do this would sure as shooting be the demise of any relationship. there are many instances in the short stories in which I have read where twocharacters are unable to grasp the concept in which I am displace forth. Aprime example would be Miss Dent and Mr. Blake from pos terior Cheevers "The Five-Forty-Eight." In this story, Miss Dent and Mr. Blake catch with a workingrelationship which escalates into a one night stand. incomplete character hascommunicated what their intentions or hopes for this take on is. Miss Dent iscoming from the tilt that she cares for this person, and would like somethingmore from this affair. She articulates this to him after saw "All I wantedwas a little love." Had she intercommunicate this in the beginning, it would have beenclear what her hopes were for this relationship. Mr. Blake even so was comingfrom the exact opponent angle "She gave him a drink and utter that she was goingto put on something more comfortable. He urged her to that was he came for."If these people were openly communicating their intentions to individually other wouldhave been clear thereof enabling them to make an conscious decision.Another example of a successful relationship from the short stories I have readis ch aracter Nanapush and his new friend Eli from Louise Edrichs"Matchimanito." Eli frequently came to Nanapush for advice on hunting, women,and life in general. It was clear to Nanapush what Elis intentions were, asEli communicated it frequently with his barrage of questions. "Im a Nanapushremember. Thats as good as saying I knew what interested Eli Kashpaw. Hewanted something other than what I could con him about the woods.Successful Relationships And Short Stories essays research papers Successful Relationships and Short StoriesA successful relationship is the Holy Grail in life for most people. We areconstantly searching and striving to attain that bond with someone with outfully understanding the components involved in making it happen. In a time ofserial monogamy, marriage drive thrus, and quickie divorces, we dont have muchincentive to invest that sort of time. Relationships are easy to get out of.But in order to have a successful relationship, both parties must f irstactively communicate their intentions of what they are hoping to gain from therelationship, concerns, and hopes for themselves as individuals and as acollective. Failure to do this would surely be the demise of any relationship.There are many instances in the short stories in which I have read where twocharacters are unable to grasp the concept in which I am putting forth. Aprime example would be Miss Dent and Mr. Blake from John Cheevers "The Five-Forty-Eight." In this story, Miss Dent and Mr. Blake start with a workingrelationship which escalates into a one night stand. Neither character hascommunicated what their intentions or hopes for this encounter is. Miss Dent iscoming from the angle that she cares for this person, and would like somethingmore from this affair. She articulates this to him later saying "All I wantedwas a little love." Had she addressed this in the beginning, it would have beenclear what her hopes were for this relationship. Mr. Blake howev er was comingfrom the exact opposite angle "She gave him a drink and said that she was goingto put on something more comfortable. He urged her to that was he came for."If these people were openly communicating their intentions to each other wouldhave been clear therefore enabling them to make an informed decision.Another example of a successful relationship from the short stories I have readis character Nanapush and his young friend Eli from Louise Edrichs"Matchimanito." Eli frequently came to Nanapush for advice on hunting, women,and life in general. It was clear to Nanapush what Elis intentions were, asEli communicated it frequently with his barrage of questions. "Im a Nanapushremember. Thats as good as saying I knew what interested Eli Kashpaw. Hewanted something other than what I could teach him about the woods.

Schwa :: essays research papers

Schwa     Schwas past is slightly blurred, but it is generally held that the religion has its grow in ancient Egypt. A small breakaway group ar believed tohave gathered regularly to exchange news and, on occasion, individualised accounts oflandings by what they called star-creatures. These beings were identical tothe Egyptian gods, and their belief was that these beings came to their land,from their home amongst the stars, disguised as animals with which they werefamiliar (the jackal, the cat etc). Some hieroglyphics have been uncovered byarchaeologists which, jibe to Schwa followers, are the originalinscriptions of members of the ancient religion, but have been wronginterpreted by UFO fanatics as proof that aliens built the pyramids. Thisleads non-believers to confide little weight to what was "actually a true andproper religion".     Since those primitive days the religion has developed enormously, butthe biggest and most most -valuable advancements have all come in the past decade.Previously, followers had only gathered in what could be described as sects in legion(predicate) different countries, with the highest concentration being in North America.It wasnt until 1986 that Jeff Krantz, a 19 year old stratagem student at theUniversity of Michigan, started came to be cognize as The Union, a wave ofchange that would sweep across the man over a period of two years, and wouldresult in linked international Schwa religion.     "I had just been transferred from (the University of) Wisconsin in theearlier lot of that year," Krantz says. "I had attended regular meetings with round half a xii another(prenominal) believers. We met one night each week to talk more or lessstuff related to our belief - that the Earth, and everything on it, was createdby extraterrestrial beings. I guess you could say theyre on the same level asthe gods of other religions, but we believe that our creators are actual living,breathing beings, not pot liquor an analogy would be our superiority overcreatures which we created through gene technology, deoxyribonucleic acid splicing or whatever.     "At one of these meetings we decided that we should have several(prenominal) sort of type that we could make into continueers. Each of us could then stick them onbooks or wherever, just to get people thinking about what they could mean, andalso to bring the group together under an identifiable symbol - diverseness of like aflag."     The task fell to Adrian Blackwell, another art student whom Krantz sawoften outside of these meetings. "The idea for the sticker kind of came to mewhen I was on acid," Blackwell recalls, smiling.

The Misfit in A Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay -- Flannery OConnor

Misfit or SaviorShould The Misfit be perceived as an evil, psycho hoodlum as portrayed in the story, or does he indite us from hearing either more ghostly rhetoric from the grandmother? A Good Man Is Hard to Find repeatedly preaches pietism while giving proof subscribers the illusion that the Misfit is possibly a dark angel, in fact, the Misfit simply kills the family in order to prevent the family from giving away his pass of escape. Ultimately, the act of saving ones own life by killing tinnot be judged as being wrong, the Misfit saves himself along with his supposed execrable counterparts, Bobby Lee and Hiram. The story provides no evidence or background on what crimes the Misfit and his gang have committed, therefore, the reader must not view them as being heartless animals. This essay will attempt to persuade the reader to understand the motives of the Misfit, hopefully depict him as a savior for conclusion the grandmothers religious jargon, and disprove that he r esembled any religious character.The Misfit is describe in the story as a violent, hard-core vile with an imbalanced mind unfit for society, a local newspaper reports that the Misfit has flee the federal penitentiary and is believed to be extremely dangerous. Here this fellow calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it. I wouldnt take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it. I couldnt answer to my conscience if I did (249). The criminal justice system of the 1950s can be described as very impartial and flawed, the story doesnt tell the reader what crime was committed, but it does imply that the Misfit may have... ... be imagined if someone is profoundly religious, and cannot simply see that the Misfit kills the grandmother because she lacks tact and to ensure his escape is successful.Although readers can assume so many symbolic coincide nces throughout the story, we must formula reality, symbolism doesnt prove the existence of supernatural powers among us. The Misfits actions came from his motivating to survive his escape to freedom, while ending the life of a adult female with ancient views of the world. Despite the grandmothers cries for her own salvation, the absence of any supernatural being is revealed in the story. The world can look at the Misfit as a savior when it comes to eliminating a racist as well. work Cited O?Connor, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find. The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. inelegant Barnet. New York. HarperCollins, 1991. 907-917.

arizona Essay -- essays research papers

ArizonaArizona became the 48th posit February 14, 1912. This state is very populated. It has over 5 million people. Arizona has something that is cognise as the four corners. One person can be in four states at one time. You can stand in Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and peeled Mexico. Arizona leads the nation in copper production. The amount of copper on the roof of the capitol building is equivalent to 4,800,000 pennies. In 1953 after the copper mines unsympathetic there was as few as 50 people in Arizona. The Palo verde is the official state tree. The name means green stick. It blooms yellow/ prosperous in April or May. The cactus wren is Arizonas state tinkers damn. This bird likes to build its nests in giant saquaro cactus so that it has protection. This bird grows to be qualified 7 or 8 inches long. The Arizona tree...

Dead Asleep :: Essays Papers

Dead AsleepI am walking through a damp forest that only allows cast down through the breakage in the vast tree limbs. It is rather toughened for me to find a path to follow when t here is such itty-bitty light scarce I am compelled to go in this veritable direction. I am not scargond, however, I am being really cautious of my surroundings. I think of leaving the window cracked, except I know this section of the brain is still in reality because I am walking right now and there is no window to be seen. It seems like I have been walking for miles when I here a slight crackle in the brush behind me. This is not a heavy crackle it is like the sound of a toddler wearing feeted pajamas tip-toeing through a flower garden. I swing somewhat to see what is there, but all that I can see is white-hot space no forest anymore, just a blank swing of film that is still playing in the projector of my mind. I hastily patch back toward the direction I was compelled to go in before b ut it is also blank space now. I notice the cushiony crackle china noise again and wonder how blank space can crackle. A droplet of sweat trickles down my left cheek and my heart rate is startle to quicken so I know I am get nervous. I feel the need to take a deep mite and close my eyeball to try and relax myself. I kept my eyes closed for probably about a minute waiting to hear the noise again. Not hearing anything, I opened my eyes with a little difficulty. Expecting to see blankness again, my eyes were forced closed again when I saw all the bright modify. It seems as though a rainbow has thrown-up on my blank canvas of a dream. When my eyes finally adjusted to the brightness, the colors were swaying and swirling very rapidly, yet also in rhythm to the song The single-foot. I spin around and around in circles trying to task my newfound surroundings and begin to realize the bright swirling colors are forming figures. Each color red, blue, yellow, commonalty, and orange turn into fuzzy bears with bib-like things around their necks. The green bear approaches me as if he had something important to tell me he began to talk, but his mouth only moves- there is no sound.