Excellence Is Your Best Weapon For Fighting Racism :: essays research papers

righteousness is Your Best Weapon for Fighting RacismThe Bible says that "the poor will al slipway be with us." An similar statement isthat racism will always be with us. So, the question is, "What should we doabout it?" in that respect are many ways to fight racism you might march, protest,complain, or entreat the government for help. Some of these methods have worked wellin the past. However, I think the best and most effective weapon today forfighting racism is excellence. Excellence will bring down more racial barriersthan exclusively the marching and shouting in the world.To develop the weapon of excellence, we must take advantage of all theeducational opportunities that are available to us. Even though the doors ofopportunity are not always opened equally to everyone, there are still ways tobe what you want to be, go where you want to go, and have what you want to have.And it does not matter where you live, how poor you are. You still have theability to su cceed. As long as you have your health and can think, success ispossible.Accepting the fact that the doors of opportunity are not opened equally toeveryone, one thing that is equal for everyone is time. There is the samenumber of hours in the day for all of us. How you use these hours is your choice.You can use them on the playground or you can use them to play the books. acting on the playground might give you some hours of immediate enjoyment, butplaying the books will give you long-term gratification.African Americans and other minorities can no longer use the excuses of beingpoor or living in a bad neighborhood or small town to keep us from achievingexcellence through education. In some cases, the poorer you are the moreeducational opportunities that are available to you. Poverty should not be anexcuse for not functional up to your potential. No matter how poor you think youare, there is always someone who is poorer.Please do not be embarrassed by or ashamed of the size your ho me town. Manyindividuals from small towns have become very successful and risen to the top oftheir professions. If President Clinton can change his destination from Hope,Arkansas to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C., then you know it ispossible to fulfill your aspirations, whatever they might be. PresidentClintons rise to the top of his profession suggests to me that whether you area prodigious time runner from New York City, or a guy who runs around the block in Fall

Air Pressure :: essays research papers

blood line wedgeAir is be of molecules. Air is matter. It has mass and takes up space. Air is composed of different gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. Air molecules are in constant motion. As they move, they come in contact with surfaces. Air molecules push and press on the surfaces they contact. The amount of force per unit area that zephyr molecules exert on a surface is called air pressure level. (What is Air Pressure 6) Air pressure is caused by all of the air molecules in the Earths atmosphere pressing down on the Earths surfaces. We can measure air pressure to table service us predict weather conditions around the world. Temperature also affects air pressure because air contracts when it cools and expands when it is heated. So if air above a region of Earth cools, it does not extend to as high an altitude as the surrounding air. In this case, its pressure at higher temperature is lower than in the surroundings even when the pres sure at the surface is the same as in surrounding areas. Then air flows into the cooler region at high altitude, making the total cargo of air above the region greater than in the surroundings. This is a "high". The cool air descends to the earths surface. Near the surface, the falling air spreads out, spiraling clockwise in the northern hemisphere. The opposite happens where air is warmed by the sun or by the Earths surface temperature. The resulting rising air is above a "low." Near the surface, air flows into the "low" to replace the rising air, spiraling counter-clockwise (Atmosphere 26). Highs and lows react to each other causing a variety of conditions. Driving up or down a mountain leads to a reduction or increase of air pressure in the outer(a) part of the ear, creating a pressure difference across the eardrum, which separates the outer ear from the middle ear. The difference distorts the eardrum, so that sounds are muffled (What is Air Pressure 9). However, this can be taken care of by swallowing air and interruption the Eustachian tube between the middle ear and the nasal cavity, which in turn is joined to the mouth.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Dreams. The dictionarys definition of a dream is To have great ambition or to really hope for something. Well, I say make those ambitions a man and hope active. Robert Ballards Lifelong dream was to find the Titanic. For 13 years the dream of finding her dominated his life. In 1985 his 13 year quest ended when he discovered the muddy hulk of the H.M.S. Titanic. What is your quest? Do you have a lifelong dream? Is there anything dominating your life enough to hold your perplexity for 13 years? With push through a dream, life is quickly reduced to bleak black and wimpy white, a diet too bland to get anybody out of bed in the morning. Dreams fuel our fire. The shortest route to ineffectiveness is to start running scared, think about every possible peril, take on chances, expect the wo...

How Rococo and Neoclassicism Illustrate the Process of Deciding in thei

How Rococo and Neoclassicism Illustrate the Process of Deciding in their PaintingsThe stratagemists Jean-Honore Fragonard and Jaques-Louis David both successfully cost their respective stylistic discordences. Fragonards style of word picture is Rococo, which is characterized by its softness, asymmetry and curviness. Contrasting these ideals is Davids style of painting, Neo-Classicism. Neo-Classicism is synonymous with strong gestures, symmetry, and solidness. Two works that ruff exemplify the ideals of each style of painting ar Fragonards The Swing, 1767 and Davids The Death of Socrates, 1787. Although at first glance, it is easier to focus on how each work is diametrical to the other, angiotensin-converting enzyme can argue that they are similar in theme. Both The Swing and The Death of Socrates are works that deal with the theme of decision making. However, they differ in how each work portrays the theme of deciding. While The Swing foc determinations on unfaithfulne ss and the process of deciding, The Death of Socrates makes it clear that loyalty to government is stronger than the ties of friendship or acquaintance. By examining use of light, form, subject matter as well as other artistic elements, one can see how each artist conveys a message by utilizing their style of art. Although both Fragonards and Davids work convey different ideals through their style of painting, they are still able to use light in a very similar form. The viewers anxiety is flated on a specific point in the painting through the use of light. Both artists cast a spotlight on the figure or action in the painting that they want the viewer to curiously notice. It is what each artist decides to focus on that makes his work is different from the other. A young woman on a swing who enjoys the pleasures of life is clearly where Fragonard wants to direct the viewers attention. However, David focuses attention on a male figure, specific aloney Socrates. How does th e use of light help the viewer visit the ideals of each form of art? While Fragonard chooses to focus on a female and David chooses to focus on a male, the viewer now understands how Rococo can be a maidenly form of art and Neo-Classicism the opposite. In addition, other stylistic elements like color and form depict how each art form differs from the other. By using all this visual evidence, we will later see how the concept of deciding... ...d is clearly weaker than the one handing Socrates the poison. This shows how ones duty to the government is far more important than ones own personal views or feelings. We can make the argument that there had to be a relationship between Socrates and this figure. By paying attention to elements such as subject matter, light, form, and placement of figures, we can see how these enhance the ideals depicted by each form of art. As a result, we can understand how Neo-Classical art is an attempt to counter the values of Rococo. Rococo is a form of art directly targeted to the privileged. Because not everyone in society belongs to the aristocracy, the Neo-Classicist wanted to impose arrangement as an alternative to the frivolous life style. As a result, we have to works of art that challenge each others ideals. The theme of infidelity versus loyalty and how one arrives at the decision made is animated in the works of Fragonard and David. However, it is important to note that there is no right or revile form of art, although it may seem that this was the common perception of the time. In conclusion, both works of are similar in one important aspect they are both works of art.

Location and Description of the Algonkian Indians Essay -- Algonkians

Location and Description of the Algonkian Indians- Algonkian lived in Quebec and Ontario starting from the Ottawa valley, beneath Hudson Bay and above lower Ontario- the areas in which they lived in were dense woodlands with trees, such as, birchen and evergreen and snow covered the land around of the year.Adaptation to the physical EnvironmentHome- Algonkian homes were called Wigwam, there frames were built out of saplings of tall, young tree trunks which were tied together with narrow strips of clamber or root fibers, to form a dome shape- the frame was covered with woven mats or barks, then was firmly tied to the frames- light birch bark were used as covers in the summer and heavy elm or walnut bark was used in the winterChanging temper- tribes lived in one designated location, precisely it was common for them to move within that region, depending on the season- during the spring and summer they would shift their homes closer to the water so that they may be adequate to fish with more ease- while in the autumn and winter they would move near the forest so they would be able to hunt for animalsTransportation- on land Algonkians generally walked, but they traveled by canoes in the water- they had two types of canoes - the dugout and birch bark, which were make from hollowing solely treesClothing- clothing simple yet sturdy- during summer men wore only a deerskin loincloth- women wore an apron or a long wraparound manipulate made form the same material- when weather became colder the Algonkian added skin shirts, fur robes, leggings and feather clocks - they also greased the bodies to ward off insects in the summer and keep warm in winterMode of Substance- Algonkians lived too far north and outside the rice ring for agriculture- they were chiefly semi-nomadie bands of hunter -gathers- some southern bands began growing crops in 17th century- they hunted animals using the nich of projectile points made from flints- they were best identified for their skills as hunters who made the best traps and snares, the traps and snares come in many different forms and changed with each season- among the animals hunted were deers, moose, beavers, cariboues, elks and bears.- during the summer groups would gather to fish and socialize- when winter came they separated into diminished hunting camps of extended families- due to ... ...ench Firearms in 1610- in exchange for the fur the Algonkians received steel weapons from the cut which they used to drive the Mohawks far south of the St. Lawrence River- by 1614 the French shifted their interest on the fur trade from the Algonkins to the Hurons and the Algonkians were reduced to second partners, though they remained in business with the French- Algonkians after the Mohawks gained support of the Dutch and had assenting to Europeans weapons lost battles and pretty much went out of site as far as the French concerned- eventually Algonkian set fur barter post along the north end of the Ottawa Valley- the Algonkian remained important allies to the French until the French and Indian war (1755 - 63)- once French were defeated and the British took over, they choose made allies with Iroquosi over the Algonkian- although Algonkians fought along side with the British in the American Revolution in (1775 -83), future(a) the war they were moved out of their homelands to make room for new communes.- finally the Canadian government established ten reserves for the Algonkians to live in but this was only a tiny portion of what once was their original homeland,

Location and Description of the Algonkian Indians Essay -- Algonkians

Location and Description of the Algonkian Indians- Algonkian lived in Quebec and Ontario starting from the Ottawa valley, beneath Hudson alcove and above lower Ontario- the areas in which they lived in were dense woodlands with trees, such as, birch and evergreen and snow covered the land most of the year.Adaptation to the physical milieuHome- Algonkian homes were called Wigwam, there frames were built out(p) of saplings of tall, young tree trunks which were tied together with narrow strips of bark or root fibers, to pains a dome shape- the frame was covered with woven mats or barks, then was firmly tied to the frames- light birch bark were used as covers in the summer and heavy elm or walnut bark was used in the winterChanging Climate- tribes lived in one designated location, moreover it was common for them to move within that region, depending on the season- during the spring and summer they would shift their homes closer to the water so that they may be able to slant with more ease- while in the autumn and winter they would move near the forest so they would be able to hunt for animalsTransportation- on land Algonkians generally walked, but they traveled by canoes in the water- they had two types of canoes - the dugout and birch bark, which were made from hollowing whole treesClothing- clothing childly yet sturdy- during summer men wore only a deerskin loincloth- women wore an apron or a long wraparound skirt made form the said(prenominal) material- when weather became colder the Algonkian added skin shirts, fur robes, leggings and feather clocks - they also greased the bodies to ward off insects in the summer and keep agile in winterMode of Substance- Algonkians lived too far trades union and outside the rice ring for agriculture- they were mainly semi-nomadie bands of hunter -gathers- some southerly bands began growing crops in 17th century- they hunted animals using the nich of projectile points made from flints- they were best identified for their skills as hunters who made the best traps and snares, the traps and snares come in many different forms and changed with each season- among the animals hunted were deers, moose, beavers, cariboues, elks and bears.- during the summer groups would gather to fish and socialize- when winter came they separated into small hunting camps of extended families- overdue to ... ...ench Firearms in 1610- in exchange for the fur the Algonkians received steel weapons from the French which they used to drive the Mohawks far south of the St. Lawrence River- by 1614 the French shifted their interest on the fur trade from the Algonkins to the Hurons and the Algonkians were reduced to second partners, though they remained in business with the French- Algonkians after the Mohawks gained support of the Dutch and had access to Europeans weapons lost battles and pretty a good deal went out of site as far as the French concerned- eventually Algonkian set fur trading post along the north end of the Ottawa Valley- the Algonkian remained important allies to the French until the French and Indian war (1755 - 63)- once French were defeated and the British took over, they occupy made allies with Iroquosi over the Algonkian- although Algonkians fought along side with the British in the American Revolution in (1775 -83), following the war they were moved out of their homelands to make room for new communes.- finally the Canadian government established ten reserves for the Algonkians to live in but this was only a flyspeck portion of what once was their original homeland,

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay

Existentialism focuses on the thinker that life has no meaning and is considered absurd. Existential philosophers believe that humans create their own determine and determine a meaning for their lives because, from the st machination, the human being does not possess any inherent value or identity. Existence precedes essence is angiotensin converting enzyme of the closely well-known existential statements and describes how our concrete being is more important than its purpose.The existentialism movement introduced a new way of perceiving life and was illustrated through poetry, visual art and lecturing. Using these methods poets, artists and philosophers were able to convey the taste that searching for a meaning to life is futile, and pursuing it can lead to the brink of complete comprehension almost ones purpose for existing, and in turn can cause one to recognize that life is only as meaningful as one makes it out to be. In Freedom vs.Determinism by Tom Greening, the poet rhe torically questions how the universe works in order to show the reader the impossibility of knowing why things happen. Greening uses the line While we argue, life goes by to illustrate the point that no matter how much time and effort is put into fighting everywhere why things happen, life will continuously move forward. He is arguing that if we waste time attempting to understand the meaning of life, we will only reach the acuteness of understanding.Through the struggle to achieve this understanding, our personal lives can begin to elude us. In Untitled by Jackson Pollock, the artist uses abstract paint dribble and brush strokes to express the idea that life is not meant to be understood. With the painting, Pollock is showing how life is abstract at times, especially when its meaning is pursued. This is similar to the idea in the unifying thematic statement of the futility of searching for the meaning of life. Lifes conceivable meaning is not meant to be understood, much like th e painting.In Existentialism is a Humanism by Jean-Paul Sartre, the lecturer defends existentialism from criticisms of being pessimistic and gloomy. He explains that man materializes at birth, and only after this occurs can he make something of himself, creating his own life without any outside force pushing him. He states that man is what he conceives himself to be, and nothing else. Sartre says man is nothing other than what he makes of himself, to convey the idea similar to the one in the unifying thematic statement, that life is only as significant as an individual makes it out to be. tout ensemble three existentialists used their mediums to come to the conclusion that there is not one concrete meaning to life. Each individual puts meaning to their own lives. Through understanding this principle meaning of existentialism, Greening, Pollock and Sartre exhibited the fact that one should realize the mere existence of life is the only thing that matters, and should not be wasted on vain attempts to understand its meaning.

Off Premise Laundry

TOPIC OFF PREMISE wash drawing OFF PREMISE LAUNDRY * OPL MEANS LAUNDRY WHICH IS NOT PRESENT INSIDE THE HOTEL PREMISES. * THESE CATERS TO HOTELS ON A CONTRACT BASIS. * THEY CHARGE RATE ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF LINEN / ARTICLE. * THEY CATERS TO MAINLY THOSE HOTELS WHERE SOMETIMES thickening FLOW IS VERY LOW AND SOME RESORTS AND SEASONAL HOTELS ARE INCLUDE IN THIS. * MANY HOTELEIARS DOESNOT WANT TO INVEST A HUGE AMOUNT ON LAUNDRY SETUP SO THEY GO WITH OPL SERVICES. DEMERITS OF OPL * LESS CONTROL OVER STANDARDS AND QUALITY OF WASHING AND DRYCLEANING. * DELIVERY AND COLLECTION DELAYS. HIGHER PAR STOCK IS REQUIRED. * otiose COST FOR SPECIAL TREATMENTS. * LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ARTICLES IS HIGH. ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR GUEST * Customer laundry is handled appropriately in accordance with establishment requirements. Communication well-kept with providers of off-premises laundry services ensures clear understanding of establishment requirements * Customer laundry is returned to th e customer clean, dry, complete, and in condition specified by customer in a by the way manner in accordance with establishment requirements. Range condition folded, pressed, dry-cleaned, laundered. * Customers are charged for laundry in accordance with establishment requirements . MAINTENANCE OF OPL FOR HOTELS * innovation laundry is handled appropriately in accordance with establishment requirements. * Range laundry linen, bedding, towelling, staff uniforms, soft furnishings. * Documentation and recording processes for establishment laundry are kept up(p) in accordance with establishment requirements. Storage area for customer and establishment laundry is kept free from infestation any signs of infestation are account in accordance with establishment requirements. * Establishment laundry is checked to ensure it is clean, dry, complete and in condition specified on return, in a timely manner, in accordance with establishment requirements. CONCLUSION * A COMMERICIAL OR OFF-PRE MISE LAUNDRY REFERS TOLAUNDRING ACTIVITIES PREFORMED OUTSIDE THE ESTABLISHMENTS. * THESE ARE GIVEN TO THE PERSON WHO IS SPECIALIZED IN THIS FIELD.

Scenario Solution

Scenario Solution Jennifer Hinkley HSM/220 November 20, 2011 Ruth Anne Ristow Axia College of University of Phoenix More and more students ar dropping out of towering take each year. The need to obtain the silver to open up programs that testament clear sure that these former students cornerstone gain the educational skills they need for their incoming careers. Having an education allow for ensure that careers is kept. The plan will take a lot of work, understanding, and communication from all parties. The students, educators, and the community are the main parties involved.There can be a plan formulated to find the means for these drop-outs to step up to the challenge and gain enough randomness and confidence to find a job and to hold down that job self-madely. It will not be easy to picture the format of these informational programs or to raise the funds to do it. We can, however, trick up the program formats in several instructions. We can divide the work into depart ments that will help employees the importance of focusing on their assigned work without being put off by other aspects of the large project.The first step will be to assemble a team of personnel whom focuses their efforts on advertising. This step is crucial to make sure that the students who need help will hear the message implied. The next step in the program would be to deject the students enrolled. It cogency be rough to make sure that they believe that their efforts, and ours, but counselors will be there to show them that it is for a valuable purpose. In general, high school drop-outs have demonstrate that they are not that motivated to continue their education.Because of this, another team of personnel will be there to ensure that the re influenceing students understand that a high school education and the associated skills are the best route to a respectable job. One disadvantage of this departmental approach is that the organization might lose get well of an individu al student who was brought into the program. In the event this happens, it might demoralize and de-motivate a student who thinks that they are being treated as if they are special. However, it may hug drug into an advantage as well.As the students meet many new people who want to help them, it will begin to boost their self-esteem and their sense of self-worth. The sprightliness of importance and the realization that many people actually care just about their future helps tremendously as well. In the event any of the mentioned issues occur, there will be long-term mentors available to the students so that they do not get lost in the educational process. A group of personnel will to a fault be designated for long-term mentorship of these students. The departments may be divided, but they are also a team that is all working towards the same goal.This is a sure way of increasing teamwork at bottom the organization. With each employee working within their own department that they a re specialized or certified in, then reporting back to the team, teamwork will grow throughout the organization. Teamwork is an asset for the foundation by itself, but each person can also build on what another has to say by contributing their own thoughts and experiences. Overall, everything will improve. This includes the students, the organization, and the future cooperate world. The matrix organizational form is also worth considering for the organization.In this organizational form, employees are divided into their skills. For example, within our program created for the drop-out students, some employees may be better at advertising and promoting. Some may be a people-person who are easy to talk to and get along well with other people. Then there are some employees that are comfortably with numbers, mathematics, and logistics. The group that is gifted with advertising and promoting would go into the community to give and recruit drop-outs, so that they know about and can use o ur program. Advertising is important, because these drop-outs might not be motivated to do much educationally.Charismatic and excitable kinds of people are needed who can encourage the drop-outs along and motivate them when they falter. Our people-persons would be the employees who would mentor individual students. Finally, the personnel whom are talented with numbers and math would cope with the program budget, finances, supplies, and scheduling. Coming up with the excitement to recruit these students is not the only difficulty that is faced. The competition that is out there that offers available, low-skill jobs will give the drop-outs a sense that our services are not needed.This creates a problem for the organization especially with the jobs that do not require an education to be employed there. These jobs are in fast food, manual labor like landscaping, and domestic work. These companies usually do not require a high school education and they lots prefer to hire unskilled, lo w-wage workers. To compete with these operations, the organization should pass out fliers or brochures near the companies, businesses, and neighborhoods that are employing these high school dropouts. Even a few post fliers in local assistance offices may help.To make sure that these fliers are effective, the organization will have a design team from the marketing department. The design team will design, create, and print pamphlets, fliers, brochures, and other information about the organization. To compete with these low-educational, low-skill jobs, the main goal is to have a plan to make the students think about wanting more in their lives. They might want a more fulfilling job, a better ability to care for their family, or a better income in the future from a better-paying job. The community would have to supply some of the organizations financial needs.A good example is having a place to hold run intos. Meeting clear can be productive and fun so that idea does not need to be el iminated. Once a week, instead of paying for a meeting place, a community outreach program can be held at a local park. This provides space, seating, and opportunity. Drop-out students and even their families and friends could meet each other along with viable and afoot(predicate) recruited students. This provides open communication about the program as well as an opportunity to answer any questions the public may have.This allows time to share information and just have a fun time outside while learning about the organization. Some community members might not be demonstrative of(predicate) of our program, as it would use city money to help drop-outs who, they will argue, should have just stayed in high school and gotten the same results for less money. They will gather up questions like Since the government guarantees let off high school education for every student, why should we pay money for this new program when their education should have been free to these students in the first place? In counterpoint, an explanation will be given.This explanation is that local schools are losing government funds from the increasing drop-out rate, and in turn the drop-out rate continues to rise. The program does not encourage more students to drop out, but only help students who already have. It will revitalize the education system by driving home the point as to how important a continuing education is to a student and a citizen. For the program to reach its goals, all of the possible foundation employees will need incentives to do their best. So that all of the employees are working at their top level, incentives and reward systems will be created.The employee who is most successful at recruiting drop-outs into the program, for example, will be rewarded. The employees, rather than the manager, will determine who receives the rewards and what they should be. For example, a manager might decide to give an employee a personal reward of funds to take a few over achieving students to dinner. This only provides ample opportunity to continue to motivate and congratulate the students on their progress. There are many ship canal that upper management can reward employees for helping the foundation, but the best rewards are the ones that employees want.A survey of the employees to find out which rewards would motivate them the best might be a great way. When the organization has met the original goals of the program, the employees who have contributed the most will also be rewarded. This will motivate employees to strive to reach the foundations goals. reservation goals stimulates personal drive, and it will make foundation employees push themselves harder to achieve the most that they can for themselves and for the organization. The program and the goals in its entirety can be reached, but not without a proper budget.The accounting department along with the human resource department will get together every year to create a budget for the organization i tself and the program in which they offer. A line item budget shows the total agency budget. It obtains the number in which the organization cannot go over. It is disoriented down to how much employees are paid as well as the cost of operating. Another budget needed for the organization to operate successfully is a budget for each person in the organization. This includes skills needed, time spent on training, and a reakdown of what can be spent on each student. With all of the time, energy, and good resources, the organization will reach its goals of helping high school dropouts to obtain their diplomas. This organization is for the good of mankind and what can be done to help others in need. This also creates a chance that returning students will encourage their offspring to continue in their education as well to help the number of general dropouts to decrease. Line Item Budget Revenue $1,600,000 Expenses Personnel Executive director $100,000 Training supervisor $80,000Trainers $500,000 administrative coordinator $45,000 Administrative staff $75,000 Total salaries and wages $800,000 Employee-related service$200,000 Expenses 25% Operating expenses Rent $125,000 Overhead costs$100,000 Utilities $100,000 Office supplies $25,000 Equipment/lease $50,000 expatriation and travel $100,000 Outside consultants $100,000 Total operating expenses $600,000 Total agency budget $1,600,000 Budget for each person Local government workforce agencyfunctional and program budget 1 2 3 4 canonical skill Outreach Indirect Total rogram program cost and functional overhead budget Expenses Personnel Executive director $100,000 Training supervisor $80,000 Trainers $300,000 $200,000 Administrative $27,000 $18,000 coordinator Administrative staff $45,000 $30,000 Total salaries and $372,000 $248,000 $180,000 wages Employee-related $93,000 $62,000 $45,000 benefit expenses 25% Total personnel costs $465,000 $310,000 $225,000 Operating Expenses Rent $75,000 $50,000Overhead costs $60,0 00 $40,000 Utilities $60,000 $40,000 Office supplies $15,000 $10,000 Equipment/lease $30,000 $20,000 Transportation and $60,000 $40,000 travel Outside consultants $60,000 $40,000 Total operating $360,000 $240,000 expenses Total agency budget $825,000 $550,000 $225,000 $1,600,000 Number of eligible 1,000 1,000 1,000 students Total budget need per $825 $550 $225 $1,600 eligible student References Ashford, E. 2011, November 11). fortune high school dropouts get on a college, career track. Retrieved 11 16, 2011, from Community College Times http//www. communitycollegetimes. com/Pages/Campus-Issues/Community-colleges-play-a-key-role-in-dropout-recovery. aspx Haskins, D. B. (2010, Spring). The Future of Children. Retrieved 11 16, 2011, from http//futureofchildren. org http//futureofchildren. org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/20_01_PolicyBrief. pdf Kettner, P. M. (2002). Achieving Excellence in the Management of charitable Services Organizations. Allyn and Bacon.

Climate Change, Deforestation and the Media Essay

Various factors exist that are causing a negative electrical shock and damaging the natural ecosystem. Various emissions from motor vehicles and different industries and chemical establishs, processes equal deforestation and mingled ano(prenominal)her(prenominal)wise activities continuously contribute to the deterioration of the well-being and livelihood of individuals and the ecosystem. Various researches conducted worldwide hire detected conglomerate heightens in the international ecosystems marked with the various activities propagated by the actions of compassionate beings towards the environment (Midori, 2014, p 105). The alterations that exist have been attributed to mood change as opposed to any other types of activities and factors that whitethorn have arisen.There are various marked causes and set up of clime change towards the natural terrestrial organisms and all the other substances that consti0tute to the natural ecosystem. For instance, different animal, p lant and biomes ranges have undergone shifting. The different timings in which various organisms and plants take to perform various activities such as flowering have been altered (Maxwell, 2013, p 779). The migration of animals has also been shifted since the expectancy of the climate which facilitates there movement has signifi open firetly been altered. There have been instances in which the scotching sun has led to the development of various wild fires. Moreover, various amphibians, for instance seventy-five different frog species have been driven to extinction because of the climate change.Projections and various statistics have it that the various greenhouse emissions may lead to an overwhelming supply of various poisonous gases into the atmosphere hence altering the natural adaptive mechanisms of various organisms in the ecosystem. If the situation were left unmonitored and uncontrolled, spacious areas would turn into ASALS thereby contributing to the alterations of the bi ochemical cycles that are experienced worldwide (Maxwell, 2011, p 779).Aquatic EcosystemsThe aquatic ecosystems form a very functional and serious role in the interrelation and reality of the global environment. Apart from playing a key and functional role in the ecological productivity and their contribution towards biodiversity, they play a very important role to the human beings. However, they face direct threats from the activities of human beings either in a direct or indirect manner. mode change has an impact on the aquatic environment in the sense that an increase in the temperature of water significantly alters the basic ecological process facilitated by the marine sustenance and the aquatic life species geographical distribution. The marine life may show tendencies of migration to various suitable habitants but various human activities may hinder their respective migration (Brulle et al, 2012, p 182). They may be unable to migrate thereby leading to their extinction of the various treasured species. Climate change curves the precipitation patterns. Moreover, the surface run gain may have been contaminated by various gases that exist in the atmosphere thereby influencing marine life.AgricultureAgriculture forms a vital ingredient of many economies. Agriculture is a composition of various cash crops, domestic livestock and various aquatic fish species, which are consumed or reared for commercial and inspiration purposes. climatic conditions highly influence the existence of fish and various agricultural produce. The effect of climate change on agriculture can be viewed from various dimensions since various factors exist that favor the process of agriculture while some hinder growth and production (Christensen et al, 2012, p 201). The excess existence of temperature and release of degree Celsius dioxide into the atmosphere contribute to increase in productivity and synthesis of various crops. However, for these conditions to have a positive impa ct on the various crops, various other factors such as the correct soil pH, the availability of water, moisture content of the soil, and other factors must be met. Massive periods of droughts and excess floods are always a challenge to various farmers. Moreover, when the temperature of water that harbors the aquatic life leads fervider, the fish may migrate or die hence influencing the ecosystem (Corner et al, 2012, p 470).Crops are influenced by warm temperatures. They hasten the growth levels but reduce on the quantity of the yields produced. Moreover, an increase for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also increases the amount of yield that is expected from a given type of crop. The growth process of crops is hindered by the existence and presence of extreme occurrences of rain and temperatures. The occurrence of drought and foods hinder crop growth since the crops become washed away and wither (Doherty et al, 2011, p 265).Human HealthHuman beings are affected by the occurrence o f various climate change processes. These effects vary from the influence and diverse effects of heat waves, extreme weather events, air quality and occurrences of climate-sensitive diseases. Instances of hydration and the occurrences of heat strokes are prevalent and major causative agents of weather-related ailments and deaths. The impact would be a shift in the population patterns. Weather events, which are extreme, may contribute to various challenges that may be faced by human beings (Dotson et al, 2012, p 69). For instance, there would be a general reduction of water supplies and food in various parts of the country. Various health care go and communication utilities may be interrupted. Storms and various other factors may contribute to the excess concentration of carbon monoxide gas, which is poisonous to the human life. Climate change can then be seen to have various diverse effects on the natural ecosystem and if not properly controlled can lead to the extinction of vario us life forms and species.Mitigation of climate changeMitigation of climate change refers to the various actions adopted with the indicate of reducing the affect of the natural ecosystem.Framing IssuesThe United Nations mannikin Convention on Climate Change consists of a numerous enrolment of countries that have united to adopt various measures and practices to curb climate change. The principle aim of UNFCCC is to ensure the stabilization of various concentrations of atmospheric gases as a block of various human related activities that would contribute to the interference of the atmosphere (Fahey et al, 2013, p 134). somewhat of the main activities involve the control of emission of green house gases into the atmosphere. There was a universal consensus to the fact that the level of green house emissions should be circumscribed to 1.5 to 2.0 degrees and below.Governmental and intergovernmental actionMajority of the countries are adopting various policies proposed by various orga nizations such as the Green Belt Movement to extensively use idle technologies in their daily business operations. The mitigation process is boostd by the action that may be adopted by the various firms. Many countries aim at reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere (Hajer et al, 2012, p 300). The government aim is to ensure reduction and minimization of emissions containing carbon into the atmosphere, the utilization of renewable energy and a bring forward in the efficiency of energy that is being consumed in the industry. The adverse effects of climate change are always felt greatest in nations, which have a low sparing status. There exists the Commitment to Development Index, which analyses the various policies adopted to curb rising instances of emission of gases to the atmosphere. There are various activities that absolute majority of the countries engage in that may be seen to contribute to the emission of gases in top the atmosphere. Activities such as the b urning of fossil fuels and various emissions always influence the emissions. Therefore, the effective regulation of the particular emissions facilitates control of the climate change.Various strategies have been formulated with the main aim of curbing the spread of the adverse effects of climate change. These strategies include the Kyoto protocol, which remains to be the existent international agreement with the sole purpose of curbing climate change.Non-governmental policiesThese refer to policies that are aimed at reducing the extents of climate change by dint of the effective funding from private investors and other business entities. They may also take the form of various environmental groups, which are seen to promote personal initiative when it comes to the process of fighting crime (Christensen et al, 2013, p 12). The non-governmental bodies also thrive through the encouragement of various personalities to adopt various effective kernel of using energy for instance the lowe ring of cooling usage and house heating, the effective use of renewable energy sources, minimization of exhaust fumes from vehicles through finding of means of transaction and operations that do not involve mobility with a vehicle.Apart from the road transport, various researchers have also expressed doctor about the emissions produced by the air travel (Dotson et al, 2012, p 76). Various emissions are produced by the air travel, which may influence the atmospheric balance and the resultant ecosystem. The non-governmental bodies therefore aim at finding methods and means through which the emissions can be minimized to maintain an eco balance to the environment.Implications of climate change for sustainable development in rural areas.Rural areas have been known to hold and be a major backbone when it comes to agricultural production. The main occupation of majority of the people who take in these regions is farming. Majority of the climate alterations because of climate change are diverse in urban areas, which are populated by industries. Rural areas experience invariable and predictable rainfall patterns (Fahey et al, 2013, p 143). However, the effect of climate change resulting from various emissions to the atmosphere can easily alter the weather and climate patterns of a vast area of land. It therefore becomes important to note the fact that the sustainable development of rural areas whose peoples livelihood is dependent on the main economic activity which is agriculture.Rural areas are known to consist of vegetation that regulates the atmospheric gases in the atmosphere. They play an important part in balancing the ecosystem (Takahashi, 2011, p 249). Therefore, the in effect(p) regulation of climate change may result to increase in various product output with a rise in production overdue to the occurrence of precipitation and adequate rainfall to facilitate growth of crops and the existence of livestock and fisheries.Coverage of Climate Change by the M ediaThe media has played a important and vital role in the influence of international, personal and national actions and efforts to address the issue of climate change. The mass reporting off climate change has been prevalent in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The level and extent of climate change is hugely attributed to the massive reports and collaborations with the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. The media hit the hawk during the early 2007 when featuring the Al Gore documentary and the Fourth Assessment Report on Climate change (Sheppard et al, 2012, p 235). Media reporting was also heightened in the social class 2009 when the world held a conference on climate change organized by the United Nations. It was referred to as the United Nations Climate Change Conference. Consequently, another gathering was referred to as the Climatic Research Unit email controversy that had been held earlier in November.Besides the USA and the UK, various other cou ntries have shown massive efforts in the reporting of climatic changes and sensitizing the world on better policies to be adopted to minimize the effect and extent of the climate change. Countries such as Australia, Canada, Japan, Sweden, new Zealand and India have shown particular interest in climate change and this has been made possible through the media coverage that is received (Segerberg et al, 2011, p 201).The media has also been though t to attribute the findings of climate change to the public opinion and politics. Through the reporting, various governments have held numerous sittings with the aim of coming up with climate policies that various industries such as transport and manufacturing industries should adopt with the principle purpose of maintaining the ecosystem. The media has largely contributed towards the sensitization of the public to be able to know what happens when industrial chemicals and toxins are thrust into the slant (Olausson, 2011, p 290). For instanc e, a survey conducted indicates that when people were asked about the urgency of control of climate change and whether it was a problem or not, the following responses were obtainedIt is not a problem 8%It is a future problem 14%It is a present problem 41%It is an immediate problem 36%I do not know 1%Climate change remains to be an eminent threat to the existence of natural and human beings. Campaigns by all media types and other institutions should be encouraged. The governments should come up with stringent climate change policies to curb the spread of acidic rain, drought, floods and any other extreme weather conditions (Dotson et al, 2012, p 80)ReferencesAoyagi, Midori. Climate Change Governance and Media Media Exposure, Public Opinion and the Most Important Issues, By the Japanese Public. In XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology (July 13-19, 2014). Isaconf, 2014.Boykoff, Maxwell T. Public adversary no. 1? Understanding media representations of outlier views on climate change. American behavioral scientist 57, no. 6 (2013) 796-817.Boykoff, Maxwell T. Who speaks for the climate? Making sense of media reporting on climate change. Cambridge University Press, 2011.Brulle, Robert J., Jason Carmichael, and J. Craig Jenkins. Shifting public opinion on climate change an empirical assessment of factors influencing concern over climate change in the US, 20022010. Climatic change 114, no. 2 (2012) 169-188.Christensen, Miyase, Annika E. Nilsson, and Nina Wormbs. Globalization, Climate Change and the Media An Introduction. Media and the Politics of Arctic Climate Change When the Ice Breaks (2013) 1.Christensen, Miyase, Annika E. Nilsson, Nina Wormbs, Sverker Srlin, Dag Avango, Per Hgselius, Henry Huntington, and Ralf Dscher. When the Ice Breaks Globalization, Climate Change and the Media. (2012).Corner, Adam, Lorraine Whitmarsh, and Dimitrios Xenias. Uncertainty, scepticism and attitudes towards climate change biased assimilation and attitude polarisation. Climatic ch ange 114, no. 3-4 (2012) 463-478.Doherty, Thomas J., and Susan Clayton. The psychological impacts of global climate change. American Psychologist 66, no. 4 (2011) 265.Dotson, Devin M., Susan K. Jacobson, Lynda Lee Kaid, and J. Stuart Carlton. Media coverage of climate change in Chile A content analysis of conservative and detached newspapers. environmental Communication A Journal of Nature and Culture 6, no. 1 (2012) 64-81.Fahey, Dan, Paras Patel, John Rawlins, and Meiko Peng. Climate Change Podcast Series-The Media and Climate Change. (2013).Hajer, Maarten, and Bart Strengers. Who speaks for the climate make sense of media reporting on climate change. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 25, no. 2 (2012) 298-300.Olausson, Ulrika. Were the ones to blame Citizens representations of climate change and the role of the media. Environmental Communication A Journal of Nature and Culture 5, no. 3 (2011) 281-299.Segerberg, Alexandra, and W. Lance Bennett. Social media and the organiz ation of collective action Using Twitter to research the ecologies of two climate change protests. The Communication Review 14, no. 3 (2011) 197-215.Sheppard, Stephen Richard John. Visualizing climate change a guide to visual communication of climate change and developing local solutions. Routledge, 2012.Takahashi, Bruno. Framing and sources a study of mass media coverage of climate change in Peru during the V ALCUE. Public Understanding of Science 20, no. 4 (2011) 543-557.Source document

Perioperative nursing

Perioperative nurtures take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of functional perseverings before, during and later his mathematical influence. The go fors decisions during this period of the perseverings institutionalization argon ground on universal virtuous principles. As the enduring aims urge or vocalism during this crucial period, the obtain underwrites the quality and continuity of fearfulness that a running(a)(a) patient of of necessitate.This is simply ground on the premise that patients during this period bunghole non function al geniusy and conductively get in, decide and monitor the regimen of cargon that crush suits them featurely during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative entertains ar pillowcased with decisions needed when caring for working(a) patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon honest dilemmas go away occur and the keep moldiness take appropriate courses of action by means of re sponsible treat decisions. non only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions scarce besides ethic every last(predicate)y and clean-livingly sound decisions suit adequate to(p) for the treatment of their patient.In a mundane encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses practically have the strength to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses give stand out and dramatize through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the aforesaid(prenominal) time nurses entrust a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support.Likewise, nurses are take into accountd with the fortune to meditate and gather information essential to the wellness concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an broad luck for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other(a) family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment accept able to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic subroutine of self, nurses are support to assign a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the treat process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to ascertain the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although ofttimes of the enforce involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The coating is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053).As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellne ss after procedure and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various compasss based on three major aspects of providing direct care organize countrywide care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients unmarried autonomy and skill to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members frequently feel helpless in a health care background acquaintance how much more when a sack out one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this storey so the government agency of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is tonic as life-sustaining to patient care.It would most in all likelihood help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient whil e in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are macrocosm met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are give all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical avocation is the prevention of a potential imperfection to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obli gation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative configuration when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to envision the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the craft of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore other vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an surround that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional value, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306).Nurses must be able to establish, maintai n, and emend the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect. Other virtues and excellence of character like subjection and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as admonitory qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment powerfully influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or shut upethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that occasion inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical exercise.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical implement, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve spec ific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are probable to employ these standards and view them as a normal send essential to improve unethical and unsafe consecrates within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reassessments of patient records, and frequent interruptions can kick upstairs situations where the likelihood of fallacy increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can champion to an active demer it like sending the wrong patient for cognitive process patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace commove and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may cabbage when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would suffice moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital.The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (K ohnke, 19802040). In instances much(prenominal) as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to conduct freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individual(a)s rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role.If advocacy implies calling up for someone, therefore it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an placeable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a constraining care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with turbulent physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34).When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively freshen up the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is formulad with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal value and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her let values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably performing as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase.This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her ac tions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and ascertain a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing reproduction and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the pat ient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Related essay Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 BWorks CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative treat (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). ethical motive in perioperative practice profession to self. AORN journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing recapitulation 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakd profess or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursin g Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). genuine research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American diary of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suit s them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of the ir patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment unimpeachable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their fa milies (Spry, 20053). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t k now that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, fa mily members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment an d maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deter iorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would instance moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care provide rs should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an distinctive problem beca use not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the c reation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for h er actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research Nurse-physician relations hips Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with d ecisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurse s to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patien t and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, mai ntain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patien t outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying cons ent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all me mbers of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must b e able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J . (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.

Only God has the right to interfere with our genes

Our genes be the sequence of DNA or inherited codes that determine our characteristics. So by changing our genetics we must be effectively changing our characteristics and ultimately ourselves. Is this simply medical c be that is no different from winning everyday medicine wish antibiotics? Or are we unpropitiously playing perfection and immor completelyy defying nature in order to safeguard our species? In my opinion scientific progress is enabling lives to be saved and a loving matinee idol would non condemn this. A religious psyche may look at different aspects of genetic engineering and thus conciliate a different view.Genetic engineering in homosexuals is the development or manipulation of genes pulmonary tuberculosisd to oppose disease and disabilities. Genetic diseases are thoughtful and affect a vast number of people. Diseases or genetic disorders similar Huntingtons, Sickle -cell anaemia, muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis atomic number 50 ca physical exe rcise mental retardation, corporal deformity or early death. Research into genes and genetic engineering can help prevent these problems and is surely ethical and not immoral. Most genetic search is based on germline therapy that enables genetic changes to the cells carrying the disorder from generation to generation.This means that permanent changes can be made in the persons genetic code that prevents the transmission of these cells. So the persons genes have been changed, they are not the exact same person they were in terms of the constitution of their cells and their potential childs character has been altered. Does this mean Gods give in creating the person and their eventual children will have been undone? for certain if the genetic disorder has been reduced or removed then Gods work needed was rightly improved. to a greater extent recent progress means that we can grow healthy cells to replace the malfunctioning ones and so cure disease in that person.This process involv es creating stem cells. either from embryos that were produced by IVF but not used, or from adult bone marrow or blood. The stem cells are kept alive so they can breed and be transplanted into diseased cells to produce a cure. Stem cell question was banned In the UK because the Human Fertilisation and Embryology act said that the technology could only when be used to treat infertility. I consider this an absurdity that this morally debateable technology was permitted to treat infertility but not to cure diseaseSurely saving flavour is as important as creating it. This I think was realised by the government and in 2001 the research was permitted. So should this research be allowed or should stand idly by while people who could potentially be cured are abject from the diseases and problems above and not uncommonly demise painful deaths. It is clear that I agree with the governments decision, a yen with a number of non-religious and religious people for a number of reasons. It o ffers the prospect of cures for incumbently incurable diseases and gives those suffering a glimmer of hope.Non-religious people argue stem cell cloning would only use embryos until it was easier to use the adult cells. Genetic research is an integral come out of medicine research and is bound to include some genetic engineering. All genetic research is closely monitored by the law and so will not directly oppose religious morals but also has vast potential benefits. There are many non-religious people who would counter argue that genetic engineering has too little information about the long term consequences. They say that it should not take place because the effects are irreversible.This means that should anything go wrong the damage would be permanent. Knowledge is power and people argue genetic engineering gives vast amounts of power to the scientists who could, they say, could act in a malevolent way to create scientifically produced human beings. This power is almost godly a nd is too excessive for the scientists to have. These scientific processes treat reality no different from commodities like plants. The research and advances could grow to the extent that they introduce the possibility of people having to be genetically screened before getting life insurance or even jobs. past a Gattaca like situation becomes imminent where anyone likely to develop illness or dir young would be refused the insurance, the job and would be denied a range of opportunities. Although these arguments are perhaps extravagant they are possibilities and the potential of scientific progress could have inhumane consequences. Religions recognise that in the modern world they must deal with issues like genetic engineering and amongst them thither are different views of weather we, as humans, have the right to interfere with our own genes.Christianity is not harmogenous and so within it there are different attitudes towards genetic engineering. It is mainly the more liberal prot estant Christians who think that genetic engineering is a good thing and see the dogmatic aspects like the potential curing of disease and the negative, which would be the potential creation of artificially produced perfect humans. There are religious reasons why these Christians support this scientific research and action. Jesus was a healer who showed that Christians should do what they can to heal and help healers and to cure disease.They believe that as humans we stewards on Gods earth and by discovering the genetic puff up of humans in order to help improve human life is fulfilling this stewardship. They believe that this is no different from researching medicine that can improve human life and reduce suffering. Regarding the potential of this technology getting out have hand, these Christians believe that creating cells is very different from creating people. Creating people via science earlier than through sex would be wrong because as it would be taking over Gods creator of life role, but creating cells is working with God.As far as killing embryos for the genetic research is concerned an embryo is not considered human life until it is 14 days old (This is then the time limit cross out by the Human Fertilisation and embryology authority for genetic research. ). They also use some of the non-religious arguments to support genetic engineering. It is mainly the Roman Catholics who believe that that genetic engineering is okay under certain circumstances. As long as the technology is for work into curing diseases and does not use human embryos it is permissible.The reason they condemn the use of embryos is because they believe that life begins at conception, whether in a womb or a glass dish. Killing an embryo is killing a human life and is immoral and banned in the Decalogue. Some Christian are opposed to any kind of genetic research because they believe God has created the genetic make up of each human at the moment of conception and people have no r ight to interfere with Gods will. Genetic engineering means playing God and by doing this we are defying him which is a terrible sin. They believe we are doing wrong by trying to create a perfect world, as only paradise is perfect.Many Christians believe that all humans should be living their normal lives in accordance with rude(a) law (Aquinas) and that only God has the right to interfere with the natural genetic make up of all humans. They also feel that when creating artificially perfect humans we are not thinking about the people that are being produced. A scientifically created person will have no biological parents and many feel that what we are giving the child genetically, we are taking spiritually. These little genetic miracles will be lacking in spirit. This idea is well portrayed in the film Gattaca.The Christians against genetic engineering would also use the non-religious arguments against it. Islam is another religion trying to decipher between where the lines are in ethics of medical issues such as genetic engineering. Islam is usually in organization over issues like this however there are two different Moslem attitudes to Genetic engineering. Some Muslims believe that the genetic make up of all humans has been established by God and so therefore humans artificially altering genes would be and attempt to play God which is absolutely an unacceptable sin, shirk the greatest Muslim sin.They also believe that using human embryos in research is abortion as they believe life begins at fertilisation and therefore do not agree with this kind of genetic research. They believe scientists who are trying to create life from stem cells are trying to play God a so this is also shirk. These Muslims also accept the non-religious arguments against genetic engineering. Other Muslims hold a similar view to Catholics, that genetic engineering is only good to an extent. As long as it is being to done in an effort to cure disease and not producing humans by scie ntific means.These Muslims support genetic engineering first of all because the Quran and the Hadith teach that Muslims should do everything in their power to prevent diseases and improve humans lives. In the way that some Christians believe in stewardship, these Muslims believe that humans should work as vice-gerents in hiding and supporting lives. This no different from researching medicine that will help improve lives and reduce suffering. These Muslims also believe there is a difference between creating cells and creating people and that creating cells is working with God.They also consider that embryos can be used for research up until they are 14 days old, this is when the human life begins according to teachings of the Shariah. It is very difficult to foresee if the potential good of genetic engineering and interfering with genes outweighs the potential bad and whether it is ethical in its current state of research. I think that at the moment we have a very good idea of what the positive effects of interfering with our genes would be.It could cure diseases and prevent them from being passed on to generation after generation. The negative effects are slightly unclear. Will we end up producing genetically modified perfect humans who are lacking in will and spirit through no fault of their own? Is producing humans without sex wrong even? Is it against the will of God? Personally I think that the these questions go unanswered by the critics of genetic engineering who do not have plausible enough arguments to stop the research into curing disease and saving human life.