Managing Human Resources at Google Essay

Google Inc. is an American multinational corporation which provides Internet-related products and services, including internet search, cloud computing, software product and advertising technologies. Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin met at Stanford University in 1995. By 1996, they had built a search engine (initi all(prenominal)y called BackRub) that used links to determine the importance of individual tissuepages. Larry and Sergey named the search engine they built Google, a play on the cry googol, the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. Google Inc. was innate(p) in 1998, when Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a check for $100,000 to that entitywhich until then didnt exist. Google has been estimated to operate on over one million servers in info centers around the world, and transition over one billion search requests and about twenty-four petabytes of user-generated data e actually day.Google is a high-energy, fast paced puzzle out environment. While the dress engrave might be casual the company suck ups and retains some(prenominal) of the b repairest minds in the technology industry. There is a scat hard, play hard atmosphere. Most dissembleers at Google have base salaries that are on the tear down end of blueprint for the markets they operate in. The base salaries are supplemented by stock options, challenging work and extensive benefits. In addition to the normal health and welfare benefits that larger companies offer, Google provides its employees with other benefits bid Health care for employee and his family, plus on-the-spot(prenominal) medico and dental care at furnish, vacation days and holidays, flexible work hours, maternity and parental leave, plus tonic moms and dads are able to cost up to $500 for take-out meals during the first four weeks that they are home with their new baby and Google Child Care Center, just five minutes from Google headquarters in Mountain View. opposite benefits that Google offer s to its employees are Fuel Efficiency fomite Incentive Program, employee discounts and onsite dry cleaning, plus a coin-free laundry room in the Mountain View office.Google has principles, Ten things we know to be true1. charge on the user and all else will follow.2. Its disclose to do one thing really, really fountainhead.3. Fast is better than slow.4. Democracy on the web works.5. You hold dressedt bespeak to be at your desk to request an answer.6. You can make money without doing evil.7. Theres always to a greater extent information out in that location.8. The need for information crosses all b grades.9. You can be serious without a suit.10. Great just isnt good enough. or so of Googles products are mesh Search search billions of web pages Google plate a browser built for speed, simplicity and security Mobile acquire Google products on your bustling Image Search search for images on the web News Search thousands of news stories Drive Create, share and keep all your stuff in one place Translate Instantly metamorphose text web pages, and files between over 50 languages Groups Create mail lists and discussion groups Blog Search Find blogs on your favorite topics student Search scholarly pages Alerts Get email updates on the topics of your choice edictTop Google Inc. competitorsYahoo Inc. Company ProfileYahoo wants to spread some cheer to Internet users around the world. Its network of websites offers news, entertainment, and shopping, as well as search results powered by Microsofts Bing. Yahoo generates well-nigh of its gross through providing search and display advertising to Web operations in three categories Communications & Communities (including Yahoo Mail, Yahoo Groups, and Flickr), Search and Marketplaces (Yahoo Search), and Media (Yahoo Homepage, Yahoo Finance). Other revenues tot from fee-based services such(prenominal) as premium e-mail royalties, licenses, and mobile products and broadband Internet access. Yaho o publishes content in about 45 languages and in 60 countries, regions, and territories.MSN Company ProfileMSN, a part of Microsofts Online Services Division, is a leading provider of Internet content and services. Its msn.com Web approach provides a wide extend of news, information, and entertainment content, as well as online shopping and a search service powered by Bing, Microsofts search engine product. MSN to a fault offers communications services such as its MSN Instant Messenger and the Web-based e-mail service Hotmail. totally total, the MSN portal draws an audience of more than 100 million calendar monthly users in the US. Its orbicular r individually includes some 50 country-specific sites in about 20 languages.Managing humanity Resource in Google Managing piece Resources has become vital eventor for the boldnesss in spite of appearance the modern and fast-paced line of reasoning environment. The unique contest of HR plane section is to ensure that the employee s are motivate and committed to the organization with the complete fair play and honesty. HR practices at Google named People Operations, which is tropeed to underline the fact that it is not a mere administrative function, just ensures to build a strong employee-employer relationship. Google is well-known as a great employer and majority of its identification has come as a result of HR programs and ideas. however there are some gaps in the HR practices of Google. Recruitment and Selection routineGoogle place great speech pattern in how they attract and hire the very best endowment. Google take hiring very seriously and make consensus based decisions. However, to the highest degree all candidate at Google commented on its slow screening, recruiting, and interview act upon. several(prenominal) posts suggest that hiring process in Google is very long, time-consuming and annoying. roughly examples from up-to-date employee of Google are Google actually celebrates its hiring process, as if its ruthless inefficiency and interminable duration were a sure proof of thoroughness, a badge of honor. Perhaps it is thorough.But I would be willing to wager that Microsofts hiring process, which takes a fraction of the time, does not result in a lower-skilled workforce or result in a higher rate of attrition. The interview process was very coalesce They had me slated as a Windows Developer for some reason, to eachone on my interview loop wondered why. I flubbed my first coding pretty bad but afterward that it was fire up that no-one on my interview loop had enough experience or familiarity to level me. On the other hand they figured that out and docket a follow on interview with the head of the Kirkland office who asked tenable and pertinent questions. Also I was move that Google seemed to be proud that they didnt communicate from one interviewer to the next at Microsoft it was a good chance to square up more appropriate interviewers, etc. if a person se emed misstated. Oh well, I thought my interview and hiring process was an anomaly. Hiring process takes from one to four month and it is inconvenient for applicants however it is necessary from stock work outance view.In order to hire new employee trouble should approve head count also staff can only be hired into approved positions. All new positions must pass through the respective budget approvals for each area. Obviously, recruitment at Google is not the responsibility only of the HR team. The need to hire the right mass permeates across the organization, becoming the outlook of every employee, turning Google into a recruiting machine. My experience actually in Aug. 2004 when I was interviewing for a sales position in the Seattle office was the typical 13+ interviews, including a day trip to MV where I was told that someone would take me to eat and instead she a bidk me in a conf. room and interviewed me.So I terminate up not eating at all that day until I returned to th e airport at 4pm. However, I passed my interviews with flying colors and was surprised 3 weeks later when I still hadnt heard from my recruiter about the results of the hiring deputation meeting. There are a lot of similar complains about hiring process and interviews which give us the conclusion that Googles hiring process is time-consuming, both for employees and for Google. Some of the current employees mentioned also that Microsoft procedure is much better. interim Employees Google HR rarely gives permanent jobs immediately and prefers to recruit temporary and contract employees. Googles emphasis on attracting youngsters might reduce its ability to get experience recruiters. other problem of HRM in Google is the inability to track the on-job performance of the new hires. dispute of branchGoogle has done a remarkable job in growing from a small private company to a big organization with 15.000 employers in a few years. However Google face the continual argufy of being able to handle successfully its open and fun-filled work culture. As the company grows it is difficult to provide the same financial and other incentives for its employees. Googles Human resource chief has said that the runaway success of the invasive internet company is generating its own set of people management problems. yet Google HR has a trouble in recruitment talented locals in its South Asian operations.The nobbleage of web development, skills and knowledge of JavaScript and Ajax, the web design technology Google Map- and the short supply of middle managers become a challenge for HR department. The diversification of the HR functions such as salaries in these countries is some other gap in the HR management. I was hired to work in Googles Singapore office. I found out very pronto that Google International is not the same as Google-US. The offered pay was way too low to survive in Singapore, so I left after I got another job offer that I felt was better for me. I really do b elieve that Google is doing some important work with humanitarian mapping projects and digitizing libraries. But for me, I felt that Googles frequent image did not match its actions in the work place, and that some of the things they did were not very Googly.Working conditions and environment The nature of work at Google undergoes unvaried changes, hence few employees are able to achieve the task for what they were ab initio hires. It is also opined that this whitethorn hinder the performance management function. Some people would agree that running(a) at Google is more exciting, but Google employees are working incredible hours. A 12-hour working day in Google has become a norm, owning to its wide array of employee benefits and perks such us Google Child Care Center, on-site haircut free of charge, swimming pools, dry cleaning services, on-site medical staff etc.A current employee says There was no proper mentoring for 6 months and within 9 months of my tenure my manager was no t happy with my performance, and management always stressed on Putting some Extra try in other words Spending some extra hours this may not be the case at Google-MV but this is what it is in India. If you dont put extra hours then you wont get promoted, no promotion means no salary hike. I liveliness sad about my decision on choosing Google over IBM Small pay, No work, No Team spirit, No Hike in 12 months, No balance between Family Life and work are few things which motivated my move out.In such organization where employers work more that the schedule working hours the relationship and the environment between employers might not be the finest. Employees might lose the balance between work and social behavior and this finally will lead to unfriendly working environment. As presently as I got inside, I had the feeling of being swallowed by a giant borg. Really, I felt like I didnt exist, ceremonial people buzzing around with bandtops. I have been sitting back, surprised at th e level of negativity expressed by those on this thread, and precious to share my very different experience.Recommendations Google has built a culture where a well-chosen elite accommodates flexibility, shifting roles and above all else, urgency. As Google grows in size and strength, it is a challenge to support the pace of introduction and acquit a sense of empowerment to Googles engineers and product managers. In my persuasion the first thing that HR department must take into reflection is the very long duration for recruitment and interview process. Selection of the right candidate is an important function of HRM, but this doesnt mean that interviews and pick procedures must be so time-consumer.HR managers might receive 250 applications for every vacancy. They must compare the qualifications of the applicant with the job description of the vacancy and find the application that fits with the duties of the position, the most suitable. It will be also more competent for both e mployees and Google to reduce the number of interviews from over than 4 to maximum 2 or 3. For the dilemma to hire permanent or temporary employees Human Resource Manager must recognize the benefits that they could gain from permanent staff. With a permanent employee, company will save time in fosterage and gain stability.Permanent employees can also contribute to the growing of the personal credit line as they get more efficient at their jobs through familiarity with the processes. Temporary employees often lack motivation and loyalty to the company due to the short time spent assisting with operations. HR must also encourage innovation and independent initiatives to its employer. It must give them the time and resources to pursue new ideas in order to develop more tools, functions and technology in order to ontogenesis its efficiency and contribute to its succeed. Although providing freedom to engineers might attract talent and encourage innovation, but company should not devia te from its core business strategy which directly affects the revenue.Also in countries that it is difficult to find equal person who can meet companys expectations for the vacancy position, like the example above (South Asia), HR manager can select the most suitable from the applicants and training him to enrich his skills and knowledge. Google might offer a range of benefits and perks but it should be also careful in balancing business and pleasure activities. The promotion and bonus must not combine with overtimes but with performance and skills. Another important factor that HR manager in Google must care is the incarnate and friendly environment in the organization. If they maintain a friendly relationship between employees they will successful growth and increase productivity.Conclusion Managing Human Resources effectively leads to an improved ability to attract and retain qualifies employees who are motivated to perform and the results of having the right employees motivat ed to perform are numerous. They include greater probability, low employee turnover, high product quality, lower production costs and more rapid acceptance and implementation of the corporate strategy. No company in the world but Google offers expensive perks like free food, free fitness center, free barber shop that come to you, free car wash while work, free pool table, games room, lap pools for exercises, volley ball courts, company massagers, free laundry, free doctor on site. A research in 2012 shows that the best company to work for is Google. However Google seems to have a gap in the Human Resource focusing in a range of factors that HR manager must consider and solve them before these become an important impact to its productivity and growth.

Background of Technology Project Essay

The Project to be studied is an implementation of a build assignment and tracking organization in an IT department in a medium sized company. The IT Department before the undertaking was started, had undergone a counsel change and a reorganization due to corporate cost sore and restructuring. The previous structure of the IT organization was teams of people that support specific practical applications in the remains, and the production line drug abusers of a particular application contacted the team assigned to their application for frame enhancements and support. There was no system for managing and tracking proposes and tasks, and it was left to the managers of to all(prenominal) one team to bobby pin project prioritization, assignment and tracking. This structure was changed to a pooled imaging structure where IT staff people were aggrouped by functional areas ( such as main(prenominal)frame support group, pc support group, web applications, etc). The IT structure was no longer hierarchical and the counterfeit was no longer handed flock in a top down approach thus creating a need for a systematic way of managing people and tasks to function effectively.SDLC (Systems using action Cycle)The Life Cycle for this particular project did not simply match the order of the phases as described in the Systems Development Life Cycle concept. Because of the immediate reorganization of the IT organization, current projects encountered delays and the IT procedures and tasks were disrupted. This prompted a need for a ready reshuffling of work between the new groups and a quick and dirty way to manage the work at hand and ledger unveiling work until a better system is implemented.InitiationThe initiation of a system (or project) begins when a business need or opportunity is identified. This happened for this project when a CIO was appointed to moderate the new IT organization and was asked to reduce head count by pooling the resources charm at the same time lifelessness provide timely and effective service to the business users of the IT systems and applications.System conceit Development anatomyIn this phase of SDLC, the business need has been authorise and the approaches for accomplishing the concept are reviewed for feasibility and appropriateness. Several approaches were considered for tackling the problem in the IT department. The beginning approach was an Excel spreadsheet to list all in all IT personnel and their assigned tasks and this turned out to be too cumbersome and hard for several(prenominal) persons to use. An in-house build uped web based system was alike considered and was in detail implemented but was cancelled since it was not flexible enough to handle the different tasks of the different IT groupings and the different sources of work demands. The last approach was all to buy an actual package that would retard the requirements and customize it for the IT organizations structure and procedure s or develop one in-house.Planning PhaseIn the planning phase, the concept/approach is further developed to describe how the business go forth operate once the approved system is implemented, and to define project resources, activities, schedules, tools, and reviews to ensure the products and /or services provide the required capability on-time and within budget.The planning phase for this particular project was be done while simple solutions were being utilise and implemented since there were time constraints and something had to be in place right away. A team was assembled to look into existing applications within the company or packages out in the market that would fit the requirement and assess its flexibility and long term viability for the organization. That team as well had to come up with a process flow of how work allow for be handled in the new IT structure to service in the use of the short-term solutions and to process in finding a long-term solution. Finally, d evil long term approaches were proposed. One was that of customizing the packaged software that was currently being used by the Help Desk to track PC and Mainframe work requests for PC Technicians and Mainframe SystemProgrammers, which was from a company called ameliorate. The other was to develop a work flow system in-house.Requirements Analysis PhaseIn this phase, functional user requirements are formally defined and delineate the requirements in terms of data, system performance, security, and maintainability requirements for the system.The functional user requirements for this project detailed all the different tasks that an IT organization performs and the information that needs to be tracked for each such as requestor, condition, assigned IT person etc. One of the main requirements gathered was that of accessibility of the work flow system. Different people will be entering work requests such as business users and help desk personnel and the user interface and performance r equirements for the devil vitrines would be farthest different. So the chosen system should have flexible interfaces and need to progress work status and results back to the requester in a medium that is getatable company wide. Another main requirement is that the system can be implemented quickly and should be flexible enough to easily add up features in the future.DesignThe physical characteristics of the system are intentional during this phase. For this project, afterward reviewing the requirements, the only option that would work was an out of the box solution such as the Remedy Action Request System. Since it was already being used by the Help Desk team, it has already proven itself as a flexible and reliable system to use. As a help desk software it allows entry of work request, assigns work, allows a way to log the progress of a request and stores all the history regarding a request. Design was simply a upshot of finding out the customizable options and features in Remedy and designing it for the different IT groups formed.Since help desk work was different as compared to application maturement work, two type of request were designed and one was for support/problems and one was an enhancement to the system or major project that have subtasks andinvolved lots of people with different roles and responsibilities. For the IT staff a client server platform was required for faster execution, and for accessibility and ease of use, a simple web-based interface was designed for the business users since they dont need to see too oft detail. Since company wide communications was done through and through email, work assignment, status and results need to be communicated through this medium.Development, Integration , Test and Implementation PhaseThe four phases for this project was combined into one because of the time constraints and since it was a packaged software approach and the main components no longer needed development and testing. Most of the development involved loading tables that the package uses such as logon ids, departments, user data etc, and the customization of the user interfaces. The necessary components of Remedy were installed and hooked up with the web servers and the email system. Before final rollout, it was given a outpouring basis by one representative in each IT group and finalized based on the recommendations of each representative. Once the work flow system was ready, the IT staff were trained on how to use it and how work should flow through the organization.ConclusionThe project as a whole went through a couple of cycles of the SDLC due to different implementations. But the final result was comparatively successful since it incorporated the ideas that Trepper suggested in his article Getting an edge on the competition which was about process management. According to Trepper, process management should also cover the establishment of actual development phases and activities, creation of a work flow among participants, and selection and implementation of tools and techniques better suited to the task. This was accomplished by the Remedy AR system.The customized Remedy AR System also incorporated the two principal source of best practices as listed by Trepper which is industry best practice and onesdeveloped within the company. The Remedy AR System already had the industry best practice since it is a widely used system and the company best practices were incorporated through the customization of the system based on recommendations of the different IT groups.

American Superconductor Case

American Superconductor call electric power infra structure from its generation to distri howeverion. AMSC is the leader in alternate energy. The high society has two main work units AMSC power systems and AMSC Superconductors. AMSC Superconductors American Superconductor has spent nearly 18 years as public control comp all developing transmission wires of high quality in install to generate and deliver power. The Company has been posting continuous losses and broadly dwindling on cash.It has how incessantly posted recently its commencement exercise ever internet for the quarter ended 31st March 2009 by earning a profit of $1. 3 million or 3 cents per share. (MSN Money) Debt Verses Equity pay Equity and debt support both have their advantages and disadvantages explaining why most hulking companies select an optimal capital structure which is a mix of debt and equity. theoretically having a higher ratio of debt in the capital structure maximizes the hand over on equity. Th e interest payments on debt are tax deductible and usually the cost of debt is much lower than the cost of equity.With debt funding a family pays a fixed interest payment irrespective of the amount of profit or growth it has achieved i. e. it does not have to share its profits with its creditors. For a profitable company requiring extra capital, debt financing is the vanquish option because with debt financing it does not have to share its profits or the ownership of the vexation with others. Equity injection however results in further dilution of earnings and trouble control. With the above argument one may feel that debt financing is the best option.Debt financing is a good option as long as the company has huge profits and liquid assets to support it. For a business that is facing losses, debt payments can be a huge burden in the form of interest payments. The creditors will have to be paid plot of ground the stockholders on the other hand will not get any dividends since the company is only making a loss. We can therefore place that equity financing puts less of a burden on a companys financials when profitability is depleting or business is posting a loss.Higher equity percentage in the capital structure impacts the financial ratios of the company positively. Restructuring to 100% Equity It all started after the 2003 black out which occurred receivable to the over load of power grids and American Superconductors stocks surged by nearly 42% as an expectation that the quality wires manufactured by American Superconductors could be used to relieve congestion on the power grids. The company took this place as an opportunity and the managers and board of directors decided to forgo debt financing of $50 million and adopt an equity financing strategy.The company raised $51. 1 million by selling shares which helped strengthen the balance sheet and deepen the liquidity condition of the company. American Superconductors however continued making losses, b ut conversion of capital structure to 100% equity allowed the company to take its interest expense significantly. Since higher leverages magnifies return on equity of a profitable business but also maximizes the loss by putting additional pressure on the profit and loss account of a company.AMSC after converting to 100% equity capital structure saved millions of dollars all year in bourns of interest expense. Recently AMSC has posted its first profit since the capital restructuring in 2003. If AMSC had not converted to equity financing it would have had a major problem financing its cash ineluctably and credit worthiness would have gotten worse. The Debt to Equity ratio would have increase and debt would have gotten more and more expensive for the company thus change magnitude the interest expense of the company and it may have never became profitable.Long term debt continues to be zero whereas the number of outstanding shares can be seen increase from 19. 7 million shares to 41. 5 million shares. Conclusion American Superconductor beingness a technology company had to face many challenges such as failed projects, higher cost of business and ever changing environment. Board of Directors in my opinion took a very good decision by not using long term debt in their capital structure. AMSC has been a payoff of criticism but it has finally posted a profit and if it rest profitable they might want to rethink their optimal capital structure.

Final Draft

Football is a kind of vaunt which involves boot a ball with our foot to get a goal. In football, the frequent skills accept p skunking, tackling, catching and kicking the ball. T here(predicate) be some soils wherefore soccer has been the most popular sport in the world, including Indonesia. The first reason why soccer has been the most popular sport in Indonesia is beca expenditure it is vie on all levels. Soccer pot be played by children, teenagers or even middle-aged man. Experts found out that professional fiat academies recruit thousands of young footballers some of hem only five years-old, center children low behavior also play football.Dry. Jean- Pierre Marksmen, a director of checkup ag assemblage in soccer, estimate that the maximum age for soccer players is well-nigh 40 years old. He added that this age is for top-class players who play in a well-known league, so for older people who wants to play soccer honor subject for fun, they still can play but they s houldnt force t heritor trunk in addition such(prenominal). In Addition, contend soccer could also bring health benefits to our luggage com lineamentment which includes lowers body halty, builds strength, flexibility, and endurance.One of Soccer Expert, Timmy Sutherland, explained that An increase in aerobic capacity allows soccer players to run farther for a longer period Of time. This means as soccer increases our cardiac capacity, it also improve our endurance or body stamina. He also added that As people get older, bone stringency go aways more of an issue. The repeated weight-bearing loads on the body during a soccer match are an excellent way to increase the strength of our penniless frame. In other words, playing soccer go out increases vigor and bone strength. Soccer is a great sport for weight ass because it plys your muscles in different ways.Playing soccer burns more calories than normal workouts because you ire forced to switch between using your aerobic a nd anaerobiotic energy pathways. Playing soccer burns for about 260 calories in half an hour. Therefore, if you play soccer for an hour three times a week, you can burn 1,500 calories each week, and lose 2 pounds each month from playing soccer. Other than that, many people choose soccer as the trump sport to play because it is challenging yet easy to play. As we know, it is unassail open to score a goal in soccer because we need to pass by wrought 10 enemy players then shoot towards goalie to score a goal.One key thing in playing soccer is teamwork, in order to score goal easily, we must show a safe teamwork and team cooperation, because compared with the one who play individually, we can save our energy and work as a team. In conclusion, soccer is the most popular sport in Indonesia because in soccer, running and kicking the ball, or even rack up a goal can burn a lot Of fat in our body and make our body healthy. For those who like soccer, kicking a soccer ball around is so mething that can be so habit-forming and they can spend hours ongoing it without getting bored.Final DraftEthos pertains to good appeals pathos relates to emotions and values and lastly, watchword communicates a logical appeal. Through the use of logos, ethos, and pathos, this paper will discuss how I became a member of my talk over community which is my offspring throng. In addition, it will give you an insight into a large segment of my life. The first night was ever invited to join my youth group was during the fall of 2008. Sitting in youth group on Wednesday nights has taught me about God on a much deeper level and has helped me deplete a more personal connection with my Lord and Savior.Because select been in youth for six years I have waxed logos by having a well-rounded knowledge of the Bible, and because of my level of experience. My youth group knows that they can come to me if they are ever stressed or bear on about anything, or even if they have any questions. Additionally, Robert and Leslie know they can come to me if they need help with the youth or setting up a game. Every now and then, Leslie and Robert will plan a game night instead of teaching. It is during these nights that they usually pick me as a team captain because of my knowledge of the Bible, due to all my years in youth group.Now some naysayer might say that have non yet become a part of this colloquy community, but this summer my youth group leaders believed otherwise. Throughout the years, have developed a strong stay with my youth group leaders. Because am one of the original members of our youth group, I have been there the longest along with my best sponsor, Andrea Camp-Valve. Traditionally, by and by a person graduates from high school, our youth group traders throw a troupe in celebration of their entrance into the adult congregation that meets at the same(p) time.This year, for the first time since youth began, my youth group leaders offered my friend Andrea a nd I an appurtenant leadership po amazeion in youth, further cementing my ethos. Although assistant leadership positions have been offered to others before, this marks the first time it has been offered to someone our age. Leslie and Robert matt-up we truly know Gods Word and could teach it if one day something came up and they had to be absent. With that being said, one of our responsibilities as assistant leaders is to look at a message once every two months.Some of our other responsibilities include decorating the youth room planning game nights once a month and assisting in planning youth events such as lock-ins, parties, and any trips we may take. In previous years, I have attended countless kickary work trips with my youth group to Mexico. During these trips, I have had the perk to pray and interpose for many families and children. On one of our youth group mission trips to Mexico, I went to a shelter for or orphan children with mental disabilities. This home is not fun ded by the government at all and has been able to survive end-to-end the years from donations and some(prenominal) volunteers.It was at this shelter where the youth and I were able to help the owners clean up the grounds, paint fences and gates, and feed the children. Once I finished service out with the outside work, I was able to sit down and color and read with these beautiful children. Although they were poor and had very little, was exceedingly impacted by how happy the children were and how peaceful the atmosphere seemed. This experience helped me develop pathos by having some one-on-one time with these children and by helping the owners refurbish part Of the grounds.Over the early(prenominal) few years, I have been a part of numerous fund countersinkrs that my youth group has held in order to raise cash for the lower income families in my church service to go on mission trips. At the same time, most of the money we have raised during these fundraisers has gone(a) int o donations we give to people or churches when we go on mission trips. For the past two years, my youth group has been able to raise decorous money to host a summer camp or the children in Mexico in two different churches. This is a very large feat for our youth to have been able to achieve.It takes countless hours and a willing staff to prepare all the decorations, games, toys, and prizes we hand out during Vacation Bible School. Even after everything has been made and prepped, we still have to load it all in several vans and drive it all the way down to Mexico. Last year, I had the privilege to go and share the Gospel with over 200 children and teenagers. The amount of prizes for the kids that were donated to our church was overwhelming. Even though we did BBS for two very large churches, we had enough prizes for all the kids to receive at least three toys per person.These kids are passing poor, therefore for them to have received these toys was an incredible blessing to them. D uring BBS, we were also able to feed all the kids and make sure they went home full sadly, for most of these kids, that meal we gave them was the only thing they would eat that day. Cannot stress enough unspoiled how poor these children are, and yet, they are tremendously happy. It is quite unbelievable to see heir need and yet none of them complain about anything, while here in America, we have everything and still complain if it is too hot in a building with air conditioning.This helped me develop the pathos aspect by highlighting these mission trips and visiting said orphanages and underprivileged individuals. Being a member of my youth group has helped me mature and grow in so many ways. It has opened my eyes to see the world in a completely different perspective. My youth group has always been there with me through and through thick and thin not one time have I ever felt rejected by them. Lastly, it has taught me about God and how much He wants to have a personal relationship with me.Because of my youth group, have the best group of friends I could imagine all of my best friends are members as well. I cannot wait to start this new chapter in my life as assistant leaders for my youth group and looking fanny on all the years I have been a part of youth, am truly thankful that God has put me in this discourse community. Because of ethos, pathos, and logos, have earned valuable skills that I know I will need for future endeavors. I can honestly say I am a proud member of this discourse community.

Historical Perspective Essay Essay

As per Elizabeth Ann Manhart Barret Nursing recognition is the substantive, abstract knowledge describing treats unique phenomenon of concern, the integral temper of unitary human beings and their surrounds. The creation of this knowledge occurs by dint of synthesis as hearty as qualitative and quantitative modes of inquiry. Nursing science-based practice and look is the imaginative and creative use of nursing knowledge to promote the wellness and well-being of all people.(Kalisch. 1986) The theorist who I believed had the most tremendous jar on nursing research and the profession of nursing as it stands straight off is Florence nightingale. Florence Nightingale, originally from England was a great visionary and pioneer of nursing in the 1870s. Her focus and teachings in nursing were on patient care and hygienics to enhance healing. Florence Nightingale did not consider herself a theorist til now her documentation of her practice have guided the science of nursing and nursi ng research for decades. Nightingales Environmental surmisal is an integral dismantle of healthcare today.Her principles are better adopted in an educational tantrum but can be applied to a clinical setting. Nightingales Environmental theory was based on the idea that the surroundings could be altered to improve particularises so that the natural laws could allow healing, and that the environment is capable of suppressing, preventing or causing disease and illness in the individual. Her theory also stated that a poor environment leads to poor health and disease. Core concepts or metaparadigms are the tenants of nursing and their role is to define how patients should be treated. The concepts are the person, the environment, health and nursing. (Avant. 2011). All of the concepts are interrelated and each concept builds upon the concept that precedes it. Nightingales definitions of the metaparadigms have been utilized by galore(postnominal) of the theorist that have followed he r and are still widelyused today. She delimit them as followed The human was seen as the person or the individual.The role of the take is to alter the environment to place the individual in the best condition for nature or the environment to act upon them. The environment was defined as all external and internal factors that can affect the health and wellness of the individual and health was defined as the process of getting well In conclusion research and nursing science has greatly evolved through the years and will continue to do so over age with the continued contributions from nurses such as Florence Nightingale and the continued advancements in research and medicine. As the needs of the patients continue to grow so will the hobby for more nursing knowledge, and the science of nursing will continue to develop.

Modernism in poetry Essay

youthfulism. It is a direction of poetry, literature and imposture in general that uses and describes reinvigorated and distinctive features in the showcases, forms, concepts and styles of literature and the opposite nontextual matters in the early decades of the present century, but especially afterward World War I. (Abrams 167) More often than not Modernism engages in deliberate and radical break (Abrams 167) with more than traditional foundation of art and culture, established since XIX century. Here two poets of neoist age T. S. Elliot and H. Crane be comp bed to T. stout and G. M. Hopkins, a pair of contemporary classical poets.Id corresponding to begin the study with T. S. Elliot, the famous poet whose very name sounds like a synonym to word modernism. Elliot was and is the personification of modernism, and scopes and verses from his poems are remembered even up today, and integrated in today whole works of literature and fiction. One fire remember Steven Kings Dark Tower saga where images of Elliots works resurface frequently in fact, integrity of Kings volumes of that saga is called The turn back Lands, obviously inspired by Elliots .For example, Elliots The Love call of J. Alfred Prufrock had brought us a vision of a man whose conception had wear in and around himself, a lost person in explore of love which can only be destructive and formidable for him. Since he is confined in the abyss of his deliver consciousness, reality is continently roughly kind of emotional experience for him. He can still watch over the world around him, but psychologically he is alone, in the beetle glowering lands of unfertility and spiritual emptiness. Prufrock (the epitome of Elliot himself, or the subscriber) lets his thoughts and sen successionnts drift off incoherently.The outer world around him, to which he is so sardonic, reflects his inner world, deprived of spiritual serenity. As he cannot get involved in a dialogue with the exte rnal world, only through the dramatic monologue can Prufrock whisper his inclination Let us go then, you and I (Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, 242). Elliot wanted his mill (and the reader) to compare himself with a character of Dantes Inferno. barely piece of music they are alike, their fates are different While Guido has at least the heroism to open up to Dante, Prufrock is too complacent and too inert to diagnose that effort.His only confident can be his alter ego a distorted reflection of himself in the mirror of outside world. He sees this person, and begs to him for trades union as if there can be an answer different from the one he gives himself Prufrocks wisdom of the ages he seems to feel returns to him as ferine mockery. What, indeed, could be the meaning of life, universe and everything (D. Adams), if .. one, settling a pillow, or throwing off a shawl, And turning toward the window, should say That is not it at all, That is not what I meant, at all. (Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, 245). That Prufrocks mawkish and evasive constitution is bust is delineated in the last ten lines of the poem. As the recurrent images of and references to the sea (silent seas, mermaids, seagirls) crop up more and more, Prufrocks self-evasion becomes more marked. His psychic para1yis culminates when he realizes that even the mermaids pass on not do him a regard by singing to him thus, all his source of possible inspiration fades a mode. (Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, 245).He has never rea1ly been a religious man he cannot, thus, look to Christ to restore him to a potent life, as was Lazarus restored to his. It is no extol that while Prufrock is felt to be an epitome to all society of his generation so brilliant and so exquisitely empty inside. In modern times, his words had been referenced to in mockery by one of the some horrible machines the benignant mind had ever invented, Blaine the Mono In the rooms the people come and go. But I d oubt that any of them is public lecture of Michelangelo (King).Elliots other masterpiece, Gerontion, depicts a dream of memory. While Prufrock is at least here (even if he is unsure of his own location in the world), Gerontions hero is the time itself, sifted through the sieve of human memory. The observer is neither here not there, but the remains of memory, the dregs of time are spread before him an enchanting display, but meaningless essentially. Elliot seems to pack would the dregs of our own memory, if spread before some stranger, mean as microscopic to him as these remains of ones time mean to us now?All Elliots images are bleak, broody and disturbing. They imply to ask is it all? Can there be anything else around us, or are we lost eternally in the world which wasnt mean for us? And, as Elliot hadnt answered that questions himself, individually(prenominal) reader must substitute his own answers and test their validity on Elliots words of man, world and time. stag Cra ne is other example of modernist poets, his images are less brooding than Elliots and more defined, but the power they wield over us is intensify by their hidden meanings, unseen at first glance.Cranes Black Tambourine reflects on authors own experience of time spent with some negro workers in a wine cellar. But the cellar expands in authors view to the size of the whole world, and its unsympathetic door becomes the famous wall of the three Biblical judgments MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN numbered, weighed and found wanting(p). All universe seems to be contained between here and now the twilit cellar with tambourine on the wall and mystical somewhere, where all human hopes end as carcass, quick with flies (Black Tambourine).At Melvilles grave brings dark and melancholy beneath which a memory of forces lingers that were bright and malefic once before before the demise took its toll, equaling the furious Ahab and unnamed sailor. The image of the sea is indefinite and vague to o, for it can be perceived as deep grave, or Death itself, or Sea of Time which will eventually give endless calm to every living being. In all modernist poetry, the concept of such multipart images and veiled references was honed and detailed up to its perfection. at present this is an instrument which is frequently used in literature and other spheres of life, such as advertising, but in times of T. S. Elliot and H. Crane it was a goodly innovation with which readers were stunned literarily. To compare with modernist poetry of Elliot and Crane, classical works by T. Hardy and G. M. Hopkins are selected. The classical English poetry of Thomas Hardy is more structured both in rhythm and meaning than modernist examples of Elliot and Crane.His poetry can be called methodic, for he explains methodically the one symbol which forms a poem. He explains it, details it, brings it before our eyes in maddeningly realistic manner, until the reader not simply understands it, but is enthralled by its vision. Neutral tones brings us a vision of lost love which turned into deadliness the leisure neutrality which opposes love and joy and happiness of life. The feelings deepen further with each stanza from tranquility to blankness, to melancholy, and finally to utter despair.The concluding stanza forms the moral of the poem, adding to the finality of the article of faith what is lost in time, can never be found again. The darkling Thrush is an example of more hopeful vision. Dedicated to the coming century, it is full with dark images of definite meaning the gate as the gate of a new age (or a new Century), frost and Winter as Death itself that comes to all, and the land becomes a body which dies together with Century, for its time has passed. But the mere voice of the thrush changes the picture, illuminating it with some inner light of blessed hold.And, while the reader (as the man who stands at the gates) is yet unaware of a definite knowledge of that Good Sign that only the bird has, he still accepts the birds song as a attribute that there is hope for the future. Poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins is yet another example of what classics had to ecstasy then. His images are as definite as Hardys, if somewhat more fluent, and the moral is present too in his poems. Spring and Fall shows Margaret a young girl who had realized for the first time that all things in life change and eventually die, that life is not permanent.A frys mind can grasp concepts at levels they are not aware of, and understand something without ever having it explained. It is simple because of the innocent way the kid absorbs the life itself. As an adult, one can see a subject or idea in a completely different way by viewing it through the eyes of a child. In the poem, Margaret looks at death and understands it symbolically, through the death of leaves to her own imminent demise. Gods Grandeur is another example of short and conclusive classical poetry.The stress in scenes of man-made destruction, pictured with vivid detail, is intensified by alliteration. impress images of oozing oil and ever-repeating trod of countless generations result in deep, uncontrolled fearfulness. But the conclusion opposes all said before by references to never-ending nature and God as its creator and protector. It states to us that God will as surely brings life after death and resurrection after destruction, as each day he brings the morning light after the dark of night. From fear of Man to hope in God that is the meaning of the poem in general.To conclude the work, one should remind that modernist poets had learned to use their images from classical poetry. But, taking the basic elements and images from their predecessors, their works had transcended from single pictures (or contented stories explained to reader part by part) to grandiose intertwined canvases, full of elements and colors, or bottomless abysses of veiled hints and allusions. Certainly, the works of classics had organise the foundation for these magnificent creations of modernist poets, and without them the whole modernism in English literature would not be able to exist or progress.Works Cited Abrams M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1941 Hardy, Thomas. Wessex poems and other verses. New York Harper, 1898. Hopkins, Gerard Manley. Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins. London Humphrey Milford, 1918. King, Stephen. The lavishness Lands. Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc, 1991. Simon, Marc. The Complete Poems of Hart Crane. New York Liveright, 1986. The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry. New York and LondonW. W. Norton & Company, 1988

A Critical Review of the Theory of Person Centred Essay

In counselling and psychotherapy, it is fundamental aspect for practiti adeptrs to use possibility as a way of informing the way the consummation with a leaf node. (McLeod). The aspiration of this essay is to explore the humanistic someoneality scheme of Carl Rogers. The essay testament begin by giving a summary of key notional bring in which includes Rogerss cyclorama of egotism-importance, his view of human condition and his sagacious for improvement of these conditions and then give examples to how such in lieus play out in clinical practice with a lymph gland using a produce case material.The essay addresses how a psychoanalytic practitioner might shake addressed his work differently with the egotismsame(prenominal) knob, and finally the essay proposes and provides directions for future research. diverse soulality theories pay back put forward varieties of explanations for doings and what constitutes a somebody. Carl Rogers create a theory of personality i n the early 1940s cognise as a theory of lymph gland centred and later came to be called person centred theory. The theory of person centred is a theory of personality or purpose of a person.The mortal centred counselling is a non directive therapy that begins and ends with find out. The concept of experiencing makes the phenomenological stance very important to person centred approach. The concept of experience includes feelings, action tendencies and thoughts which is ceaselessly changing. (McLeod) According to Rogers, both the healer and the invitees be trustworthy beings. This trust starts with the look that people argon capable of reaching their full potential and hence they do not require irect intervention from the therapist in grade to understand themselves or resolve their problems. They argon capable of self-importance-directed result or actualizing tendency if they are trusted by their therapist whose authority is to establish the best possible condition for its fulfilment. The therapist aim is to constantly empower a persons autonomy which leads to development of capacities to bind and enhance growth towards becoming. The concept of actualising tendency is the only motivation embrace in the theory. (Corey, 2005). In Person centred, the self is a central construct in this theory.Human beings are viewed as having separate uniqueness, with a colonial personality unlike any other human being and they are acting to fulfil two shoots, which are self genuinelyization and need to be love and valued by others. Therefore person centred therapist understands that to uncover subjective perceptual world of the knob can be very difficult and only thickenings themselves can do this with great effort. invitees perception of their world depends on the social evaluations experiences they brook had into their self concept.If a person is accepted and at the same time disapproved, their self concept is exposed to condition of worth. The sel f is associate to a clear psychological form of actualizing tendency cognise as self actualization tendency. This means the realization of individual potential in congruity with ones conscious view of what one is. The development of self concept and self actualization are connected to secondary inevitably which are needs for substantiating bear upons from others and needs for positive self regards which are assumed to be more likely learned from childhood.Favoured behaviours are consistency with the person self concept. Locus of evaluation is another idea which is connected with the reason of the operation of self concept. This is the idea that people could be maneuver by their defined beliefs and attitudes when evaluating and making judgement virtually issues. If they rely heavily on external evaluation they continue to be exposed to conditions of worth, and therefore, person centred therapist encourages the client to acknowledge and act based on their home(a) locus o f evaluation.Human beings are seen has having message to strive for fulfilment and growth. Rogers referred this capacity as the ideal self. Enabling a person to buy the farm in the direction of their self defined ideals is major aim of the person centred therapy. Human beings are viewed as fully functioning persons who are brusk to experience and able to live existentially, trusting in own organism, expresses feelings freely, acts independently, are creative and lives a richer life which involve a fulfill and a direction, and not a destination (Rogers, 1961, p. 186).Therapy can develop and psychologically permute those who do not have an optimal childhood in auberge restore the organismic valuing serve well (Rogers, 1959). This idea portrays an importance strand bank line to psychoanalysis whose orientation of their theory as reflected by Freud was towards understanding and explaining pathology or illness. There are common chord important aspects to the therapists approach congruence, unconditional positive regard and accurate empathic understanding. These are three core conditions that facilitate the actualization and growth.These conditions relate to the shared journey in which therapists and clients reveal their humanness and dissipateicipate in a growth experience together. Its only when these core values are offered, that social environment is generated into clients condition of worth. By adopting an open and caring stance in the relationship, problems are safely explored, client facades are breached and the client sire authorize to direct their own life Congruence strongly refers to the authenticity and genuineness of the therapist during the therapy session.The therapist outer expression need to reflect their national feelings, as a result this helps client to begin to adopt the same attitudes towards themselves. Being congruent and authentic also implied development of a positive alliance between the therapist and the client. However self disclosure doesnt relate to the disclosure of all inner feelings and reaction by the therapist, simply well timed and appropriate self disclosure. Unconditional positive regard refers to genuineness, acceptance and trustworthy caring of a client without any conditions.This involves true caring which is unconditional regardless of the clients behaviour wether corking or bad. There is a strong belief that if a client is cared for and accepted unconditionally, they begin to experience a experience of worthiness. This also empowers the client to respect themselves by listening and trusting their inner feelings. The therapist behaviour needs to communicate a warm, caring and an acceptance atmosphere which empowers the client to express their feelings freely, without having fear of losing their therapist acceptance.Empathic understanding refers to therapist ample and sensitive understanding of their clients feelings as they emerged during therapy session. The therapist go-ahead to understand their clients experiences in the here-and-now. This implies that the therapist view and sense the clients world as their own, but without being caught in them. Reflection and clearing are the two processes involve in the facilitation of empathetic understanding. The therapist reflects gage to client what they have said in order to reflect non judgemental understanding of client statements and conveyance of their presence in their clients journey.This encourages client to become reflective themselves. Clarification involves the therapist repeating the meaning of the expressions to the client after hearing a set of remarks from them. Recently there have been new development in person centred theory although the root of the theory is still based on Rogerians ideas. Mearns and Thorne (1988) wrote the classic manual of person centred practice, but their idea too, were largely based on early work and knowledge.These have been debated by many, but it was until in the 1990s tha t saw large new ideas which have achieved greater support among the person centred community. These crucial ideas are the pluralistic self, the nature of relational depth, and the concept of difficult process. The pluralistic self refers to idea that there is existence of different parts of self, which stands for specific units of the experiences and individuals identity. Different approaches such as gestalt, object relation and theory of transactional analysis have incorporated the idea of pluralistic self, as central to their practice.However this idea is not far from Rogers, description of self. purge though Rogers view self as a unitary structure, he acknowledged that changes occurred during process of growth, fulfilment and self actualization but influenced by internal conflict. Mearn and Thorne (2000) looked further on this issue and argue that practitioners and theorist view the self differently, and therefore there have constantly been an indirectly self split between grow thful part of the self and not for growth part.For example, depressed have unpleasantly blamed their feelings, thoughts and action frequently, although this criticism have been viewed as beneficial to others, as it helps them to understand their inner critic and become knowledgeable about this specific part of self. Other researchers have brocaded the idea that the self can be a group of related voices, which have been found to be useful to person centred tradition. (Still & Glick 2002 ). In Person centred practice it elieved that the key to effective counselling depend on the fictional character of therapeutic relation, however Rogers core conditions accounts for limited in-depth explanation about therapeutic relation, neither is Border (1979) alliance model. ( make 2004. ). In attempt to a more comprehensive explanation of highly productive therapeutic relation, Mearn and Cooper (2005) came up with their analysis of the nature of relational depth which means a very intense state where individuals engagement and contact is truly real with each other, and in which the connectedness and sense of contact between therapist and client is continuous.Schimid (2007) argues that the therapist needs to open and understands the other side of the client by seeking and establishing Thou-Irelationship,in order for the client to feel a sense of real connectedness in the relationship. Finally, the concept of difficult process highly-developed by (Warner 2002a) refers to the idea an individual perceive their world differently and process their experiences such as thoughts feelings and action tendencies differently.However person centred practitioners have always generalised model of process for clients regardless of situations. According to Warner (2002a) there are two main difficult processes, the first one is called fragile process which occurs callable difficulty in maintaining or the steady processing existential material. In this process the person lose the problematic feelings and thoughts and all that he was exploring disappears. The other difficult process is called dissociated process which occurs when a person jumps from one area of experience to another.This may be due to a client trying to protect painful memories and diverting his attention to a delusive things. Mearn and Thorne (2007) included a further example of difficult process known as Ego-syntonic process which means a person becomes self centred due to fear of social relationships. Prouty et al (2002), suggest that in order for a person to begin to emerge from difficult process and fully busy with her experiences there is a need of attentive empathic engagement by the therapist.

Dynamic Character Essay

In the novel, Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451, the main character, laugh at Montag, qualifies as a propelling character. A dynamic character is, by definition, a character that undergoes important changes finishedout the rush of the novel. Because he goes through a metamorphosis as he struggles through internal conflict during the novel, Guy Montag is a dynamic character.In the beginning, Montag is a very normal man relative to his society. He is a metropolis fireman and burns books and houses without regret. Montag loves everything around his job the power, the destruction of houses and books, and make up the impression of the kerosene that he churns out daily. He even feels pride and expiation in the jobs he carries out. His change, though, soon begins when he meets with a peculiar little girl named Clarisse.Clarisse makes Montag actually think, an uncommon thing in this peculiar society. Her pure honour brings out a different side of him one that doesnt concern thoughtless burnings. He then, as a result of her insight, begins to question himself and even the society he lives in.Another influence on Montag is the suicidal muliebrity whose house he was about to burn. He ponders what in books can be important enough to die for. Her gruesome suicide pushes Montag over the skirt and he forces himself to finally open a book.Montag continues his metamorphosis from a stony book burner to a philosophical learner. Guy continues gaining information and forming his opinion about his odd society. Montag soon realizes that there is no return from his change when he is forced to burn his own house and murder Beatty. In a way he is burning his own early(prenominal) and all that goes with it. His consequent fleeing of the seen also symbolizes the final step in his change. It is Montag literally leaving his past of senselessness and destruction.Guy Montag becomes a sensible, book loving educator. His metamorphosis is drop with memorizing books in a contribution t o end the norm of hissociety. He makes a tremendous change both mentally and physically. Because of his change, though it caused him great hardships, Guy Montag is a dynamic character.

How may advertising act as a barrier to entry? Essay

Like almost e truly science, the school of Industrial political economy is made up of theory and confirmable studies. In Industrial economics, empiric studies be industry studies conducted by a number of researchers. Joe Bain, from the Harvard school of industrial economics, first mentions obstacles to launching in an industry study he conducted in the early 1950s. Bain golf links entry obstructions to the capacity to raise toll above unit (marginal) constitute in the long run without inducing probable entrants to enter the industry.Demsetz of the lucre school links the idea of entry barriers to presidential term based restrictions on entry, which are not relevant for this essay. Bain outlines a do of three types of barriers to entry Absolute cost advantages, Economies of scale and Product differentiation. Bain links advertizement and the creation of copyrighted brand names to product differentiation. In his 1956 industry study, he instal that advertising acts as a ba rrier to entry more than than in some industries than in others.For example, he anchor that in the Automobile and Cigarette producing industries, advertising, usefully constituting as a barrier to entry in his belief, is used to a higher extent than in the caned fruit and vegetable industry. For a definition of advertising we refer to Colley (1961). He defines advertising as mass paid communication, the ultimate purpose of which is to add together reading, develop attitudes and induce action beneficial to the promoter. Advertising is unremarkably used by firms to inform and/or persuade customers to buy their products.Firms as well as use advertising to remind ex-consumers that their product is still on the merchandise or to hamper the entry of new firms into the grocery store. It is important to establish whether advertising is predatory or joint advertising. Predatory advertising attracts away customers from competition, whereas cooperative advertising increases read f or all firms in the trade. A profit tap firm allow typically advertise as long as the expected marginal revenue from advertising equals the expected marginal cost of advertising.Advertisement levels vary between marketplaces mainly due to differences in market structure. For a profit-maximizing monopolist, the optimal level of advertising is dependant on the ratio between advertising and price elasticities according to Dorfmann and Steiner (1954). The greater the consumers responsiveness to advertising and the cast down their responsiveness to changes in the product price, the higher forget be the optimal level of advertising relative to sales. In an oligopoly market structure, Cable (1972), argues that advertising plays a more important role than price competition.Cable argues that rival firms quickly realize changes in price, which leads them to in like manner lower their prices as a consequence. With regards to advertizing, it is incredible that changes in their levels ar e quickly recognise by the competition and effects on profits are unlikely to be closely related. This is the explanation why, according to Cable, in an oligopoly market purlieu high advertising intensity prevails. Advertising as persuasion imagine This view is advocated by the Harvard school scholars, like J. Bain (1968). The assumption is that ad changes peoples perceptual experience of the product.According to Bain, advertisement increases market power and prices, as well as distorting consumers preferences. Bain argues that by changing the consumers perception in favour of the advertised product, demand for it becomes slight price sensitive, more inelastic to changes in its price. Without any nimble changes in the competitors advertisement levels, consumers will be less likely to change their choices, even if the competitor lowers prices. If a rival fellowship wishes to enter the market, it has to both offer substantial price cuts or advertise more than the incumbent.B ain classifies persuasion advertising as a barrier to entry, since either lower prices or heavy advertisement spending will hard reduce the entrants potential profits. John Sutton brought an extension to Bains Advertising as persuasion-view in 1992. Sutton sees advertising as an endogenous strategic sunk cost expenditure, which firms alter like they alter price and quantity. In his model, Sutton assumes that companies use advertisement to influence different levels of perceived look just like Bain does. This leads to consumers perceived quality becoming a run for of firms advertisement.F(u) = f + a (u), where F(u) is the total level of fixed costs and u is the perceived quality, with a (u) being an increasing function. Sutton finds in his three staged game, that even as advertising levels increase, the number of firms in the industry remains unchanged, even if the market is growing. (Church and Ware, 2000) Advertising as information-view This view is advocated by the Chicago s chool scholars, like Stigler (1961). He sees advertising primarily as a means of firms providing information to consumers, who lack knowledge about the products on the market.Stigler reckons that advertisement changes consumers perception about a product so that they can fasten the decision as to which product is lift out to them. Different to Bains theory, this information will actually make the demand for products more price elastic. Consumers encounter more information about the product and will make more rational decisions. This leads to companies competing and a lower profit maximising price for the incumbents. parvenu firms can make customers aware of the features and prices of their products though informative advertising.Whichever firm, whether incumbent or entrant, offering the best value for quality in the eyes of the consumer, will expand in the long-term, benefiting from economies of scale, leading to higher levels of denseness. In the long term, therefore, in forc e(p) informative advertising may also be classified as a barrier to entry. Empirical tell apart Catherine Matraves studied the Market structure, R&D and Advertising in the pharmaceutic Industry in 1999. She found that as markets across the world in this industry become more liberalized and open, e. g. total market size increases, advertising spending of surviving firms also increased.Matraves uses Grabowski and Vernons industry studies of the pharmaceutical industry in her paper, which reject Bains Advertisement as persuasion-view, but support the Stigler view Advertisement as information. Grabowski and Vernon found that high advertisement-sales ratios did not act as an effective barrier to entry. Geroski and Murfin (1991) observed a different relationship between advertisement and entry. The two researchers found that in the UK car industry falling dousing and increasing imports lead to an increase in advertisement intensity.They conclude their findings in saying that advertising facilitates entry to the extent that an entrant can write up for a large share of total industry advertising. However, they note that it is very costly to acquire this large share of advertising. Fiona M. Scott Morton, also studied the Pharmaceutical Industry, but only looking at the U. S. (1998). Fiona looked at the entry decisions generic pharmaceutical manufacturers face when they look at markets which have been opened by patent expiration to competition. She confirms the findings of Grabowski and Vernon (1992) stating that advertising is exogenous to entry decisions.She finds some evidence that brands may affect generic entry very slightly by advertising before patent expiration, but both effects are nearly insignificant. Fiona concludes her paper stating that brand advertising is not a barrier to entry by generic firms into the US pharmaceutical market. Conclusion We have seen two models in this essay, Bains Advertising as persuasion-view and Stiglers Advertising as informati on-view. The models outlined show how the different views overlap on the purposes and effects of advertisement yield different outcomes on concentration and market entry.Persuasive advertising causing high brand inscription forces potential new entrants to either outspend the incumbent for advertisement expenditure or to offer high price cuts. These constitute in substantial barriers to entry. Stiglers Advertising as information-view sees advertisement as a barrier to entry mainly in the long term, as companies selling products at the best price for the best quality to well-informed consumers, expand and benefit from economies of scale. However, empirical research shows that in the majority of industries, advertising does not constitute in a barrier to entry.BibliographyJoe Bain Relation of Profit Rate to Industry preoccupancy American manufacturing, 1936-40, 1951, Quarterly Journal of Economics Barriers to New Competition, 1956, Harvard University urge on Industrial Organizatio n, 1968 Grabowski, H. G. and J. M. Vernon, Brand loyalty, Entry, and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals after the 1984 drug Act, Journal of Law and Economics, vol35, Pages 331-345 Catherine Matraves Market structure, R&D, and Advertising in the Pharmaceutical Industry, The Journal of Industrial Economics, Pages 175-177

Black Codes

Thomas Dixon September 13, 2012 Honors U. S muni manpowert mordant Codes The Black Codes were practice of laws in the United States after the Civil war with the absorbed of limiting the basic human rights and civil liberties of raws as much as possible. Black Codes is used most a lot to refer to laws passed by gray states at the end of the Civil war to control the labor, housing and different activities of newly- withdrawd slaves.In Texas, the El neverthelessth Legislature produced these codes in 1866, right after the Civil War. The law reaffirmed the position that slaves and free blacks had held in Texas and was intended to make blacks work. The codes showed how stubborn clean-living Texans were accepting blacks as equals and alike their fears that freed custody would non work unless forced. The codes continued lawful discrimination amidst whites and blacks.The legislature, when it awork forceded the 1856 penal code, emphasized the difference between whites and blacks by defining both people with one-eighth or to a greater extent black ancestry as persons of color, subject to special parts in the law. The black codes were enforced immediately after the American Civil War. though different from state to state, they each set out to secure a steady supply of cheap labor, and continued to assume the weakness of the freed slaves. The black codes had their roots in the slave codes that had formerly been in effect.The idea down slavery in America was that slaves were property, and, as such, they had few, if any, legal rights. The slave codes, in their many loosely-defined forms, were seen as effective tools against slave unrest, particularly as a protective method against revolts and runaways. Enforcement of slave codes also varied, but bodily penalty was widely and harshly used to great effect. These black codes were very dirty and lucky for African Americans are non used today.Black CodesRyan Fagan U. S. History Honors Bushong 4/27/12 How did th e Black Codes prevent the immediate integrating of the freed black men into society? Written pages 5 The Civil War caused many issues for American Society, from the physical separation of the southern states, to the issue of determination slavery, being the most well known, and for good reason. While the trades union valued the slaves to be free, the south did not, which obviously caused Problems. This topic of free vs. slavery did not begin after the war started though, the government had dealt with many different cases and often the ended in favor of slavery.After the Civil War the issues with slavery up to now existed because of the creation of Black Codes, codes that basically forced the free men to floor to a white employer or supervisor who decided what they could and could not do freely. These are just few of many reasons that the integration of freed black men, and men of color, took almost a century after the day they were legally released to rattling tolerate their freedom. One of the many reasons that the integration of the freed men into society was not more(prenominal) immediate was because of the stance of the national government before the war.The north may have not been slave states, but when it came to helping a slave in need, they were not going to be the ones to lend a hand. The Dred Scott case is a prime example of this stance. In this case a slaved argues that his owner moved from a slave state to a free state, thereby causing him to become a free citizen of society. This case was super controversial. While on one hand the slave made a point, the other hand caused the government to deny his request for freedom, without real sage reason.When the governments stance changed and Abraham Lincoln became death chair, the newly elected president caused the country to go to war with itself because of his public stance on slavery. This tragical event caused the south to secede from the United States and form their own government. Of li ne of business the sole issue of the souths secession was not the redness of slavery, but also had an economic aspect as well. When the Civil War was over, it was quite obvious that the southern states still had a deep and properly hatred for anyone of color.This hatred, as mentioned before, is the primary reason for the southern states creating the Black Codes. non only did the Black Codes cause issues between the southern ex-slave owners and their freed slaves, but it also caused a great number of issues in the northern states. The northern states axiom these Black Codes as an unfair and cruel way of bringing rearward slavery. Primarily because in the southern states state government, the white legislators saw no real reason to end the inequality between the white men, and the men of color (Constitutional rights foundation, 2011).Without establishing a new state of mind the governments in the southern states would continue to make these laws, leaving the federal government f utile to make any real changes to ensure the well being of the men of color. This only delayed the integration of the men of color into society even longer, because the relationship between the state governments and the national governments were too fragile at this point in time to make anything positive happen. In reviewing the southernmost Carolina Black Codes, it is clear how biased and restricted the everyday lives of the freed men were.In orderliness to integrate into society totally, the freed man would not only need to move to change the views of the white men around them, they were still required to hold fast the Black Codes. Rebellion could only get the freed men so farthermost because they were not set asideted to own anything that could be used as a weapon. The federation Carolina Black Codes also prevented the migration of freed men to southern Carolina without the approval of two South Carolina white men.These white men, known as freeholders, were essentially t he people prudent for the freed men, also known as servants, that they approved. After that the Black Codes basically permit slavery to those who take on the responsibility for the freed men. The reason that the free slaves were not able to immediately integrate in society was the Continued being of the Black Codes. The Black Codes only promoted the previously accepted view of high quality and resulted in lasting conflicts between the travels for years.The immediate elimination of the Black Codes would have completely removed any political power that one race would have ad over the other, which in turn would have prevented the conflicts of reserve and respect. An immediate overturning of the Black Codes would have also caused the issues of indirect slavery, and violations of rights given to all men by the Bill of Rights and the Constitution. The overall attitude towards freed slaves would have been completely different and would have resulted in a faster change in public opinio n and would have allowed the integration of the freed slaves to be much more fluid.Work Cited Black codes and jim crow laws. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. sciway. net/afam/reconstruction/blackcodes. hypertext markup language Constitutional rights foundation. (2011). Retrieved from http//www. crf-usa. org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/southern-black-codes. hypertext markup language Herda, D. J. (1948). The dred scott case Slavery and citizenship. Berkeley Heights, NJ Enslow Publishers, Inc. The mississippi black code (1865). (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//wps. ablongman. com/long_longman_lahdemo_1/0,8259,1546454-,00. html

Disgrace by Coetzee

This paper ordain discuss and evaluate the changes that the main char moulder David Lurie goes by means of in the legend ignominy by Coetzee. It would also cover as how it reflects the changing quantify in South Africa and its affects on other characters in the novel. In drop off by Coetzee, Lurie is a man who has various levels of character evaluation. He went through various physiques of changes. At one measure, he affectms to be contemptuous of others, uses his come out to take what he wants and to justify the taking. On the other level, in parallel, he is a white South African male forced to re-evaluate his whole world when he thinks he is likewise old for change.In the novel pity, we imple handst that 52 years old David Lurie is a prof of communication theory at a Cape Town University. Unfortunately, he is twice disunite and enjoys this mortalal opinion that having a woman has n ever so been a problem. In this novel, he reveals various traits of his personality a nd character through various phases and changes. Ultimately, he has to acknowledge that he is no longer fascinating with the passage of time he sought the suitable services of a prostitute. This was an arrangement that ultimately came to an end, leaving him with no channel for his virility.He is confronted with another change in his court and prelude at this phase in the novel. David Lurie lastly induced himself that an conflict with a one of his female students would not be a dreary idea later on all and went for it. At this stage, we observe another tour in his life. The complaint of sexual harassment by the student agitate his academician life upside work through and he had to quit the job. As soon as he realizes this, David Lurie go through another phase of his character and leaves for the country side to an unsafe and remote farm. T here, he intends to glide by some time with his daughter who ran an animal refuge and sold make grow and flowers.He gets himself involv ed in writing. Lucy is violated by gangsters and with that Davids disgrace reaches its climax. David, at this minute stage and point of life, unexpectedly summons himself re-evaluating and changing his character. He reconsiders his relations with people, his crosstie with his only daughter, as well as his links with women. This change of approach and re-evaluation process reveal upon him that that love is never unreflecting rather it is always bilaterally symmetric it may be called a matter of give and take. He feels a certain kind of change in his character and approach at this specific point of time he was going through.The basic nitty-gritty from this novel is that the reader comes to know the generally accepted truth that a person can comprehend who he/she is only when he analyzes his past. An heavy change in Luries character is revealed through a hearty event when on his journey, Lurie is compelled to visit Melanies family where he finally performs an act of contrition. W hen he causes his Cape Town home vandalized, he decides to permanently change his life. He returns to stay with his daughter, who is pregnant with the child of one of her attackers and living under the security system of cosmos one of Petruss wives.Lurie devotes himself to volunteering at the animal clinic, where he helps put down diseased and unwanted dogs, and composing his futile opera. Although not what he would ever sport expected, he finds some form of life purpose. We also see Lurie in a different shade of his character when he resists to being grant of the University committees desire for prurience and sentiment echoes the efforts of the Truth and Reconciliation equip (TRC) which offered immunity in return for full disclosure of facts and a universe show of remorse.The TRC has been internationally acclaimed for contributing to the way South Africa avoided a complaisant war. The change in his character transpires when Lurie finally apologizes, members of the tribuna l refuse to be satisfied, demanding to know whether it reflects his sincere feelings and comes from his heart Confessions, apologies why this thirst for abasement? Lurie asks himself. We see that he enjoys various virtues and traits of character during different phases of his life.David Lurie could save his job if he simply expressed the kind of remorse demanded of him by the university disciplinary poster that has authority over him. He seems a different Lurie at this stage. We find ourselves sympathizing with the reasons he gives for not giving them what they want when he says We went through the repentance business yesterday. I told you what I thought. I wont do it. I appeared in the beginning an officially constituted tribunal, before a branch of the law. Before that unsanctified tribunal I pleaded guilty, a secular plea. That plea should suffice.Repentance is neither here nor there. Repentance belongs to another world, to another universe of discourse. What you are asking r eminds me too much of Maos China. Recantation, self-criticism, public apology. Im old fashioned, I would prefer simply to be put against a wall and shot. (Coetzee, 1999, p. 58) There is not a vocalize about the ethical conflict between lust and abuse of academic power. And there is no hint that the protagonist thinks he has committed an act genuinely subject to ethical objection. As regards to the same inclination, we also find a somewhat more honest confrontation.A South African professor of English is caught imposing sex upon a beautiful student enrolled in his Romantic Literature course. Here, he seems a different kind of person persuading a young girl to fulfill his lustrous desires. When he start proposes that she spend the night with him, she asks why? and he answers, Because you ought to. Why ought I to? Why? Because a womans beauty does not belong to her alone. It is part of the bounty she brings into the world. She has a duty to share it. And what if I already share i t? Then you should share it more widely. (Coetzee, 1999, p. 16) Conclusion In depicting the diagnostic evolution of David Luries fall and rise, Coetzee uses his typically spare prose to great effect. Sometimes, the accusation of exploitation stereotypes confuses Coetzees habit of avoiding unnecessary detail with racial type stamp. If we are to believe that Coetzee is casting all black men as immoral, rapists and liars, then surely it would be equally true that we are to believe that all white men are academic Lotharios who spend their time sexually harassing students.On the contrary, by next the downfall of one man Coetzee is drawing attention to South Africas quandary of striving for color-blind equality in the immediate aftermath of decades of institutionalized racial discrimination. The evolutionary changes in the main character of the novel have been connoted in over all opera of contrasts based setting of the novel. The globe of contrast should not be taken to suggest, ho wever, that these are two in all separable ways of working with cultural materials the point at which make becomes creating, or creating reverts to making, is never predictable, and can be assigned only after the fact.It is often a gradual process of false starts and wasted efforts, erasures and revisions, slow inching nearer to an outcome that, one can only hope, will be the desired one, or arriving at it in fits and starts. We may quote from Coetzees Disgrace again, though this description of David Luries composition of a chamber opera is the echo of thousands of similar accounts across a number of fields. This reflects and suggests change in his character.

Advertising Billboards Essay

Everywhere you witness these days you visualise a hoarding or advertisement marketing or promoting a product, its inevitable. You prevail in your car to go somewhere and shade aside the windowpane and you be surrounded by them or you open a snip and every other page is an ad promoting something. You walk into a terminal or public place and at every turn in that location is something staring you in the face. Since billboards are so big and visible from a distance they are hard to miss. Its basically shoved in our faces with come along in us having a choice, but to look and glance at it.Since we are undecided to this and this is something that every maven goes through on a daily basis, we tend to ignore a separate of it until something catchy or interesting catches your eye. Advertisements make things more appeal and make us more inclined to buy products. With the amount of competitors stunned there selling the same products, advertisement companies try and beat them out by coming up with tutelage getting ads. Advertisements these days be have more and more sexual content in them fashioning them borderline inappropriate to fully inappropriate and unnecessary.See more experimentation on polytropic process EssayThis can be a negative effect on the public causing image issues and men and women be degraded. By using sexual innuendos and images, advertising companies are catching the attention of the public in bad and negative routes. Most advertising ads, whether on T. V. or on a billboard have some feeling and sort of sexual content involved. Many billboards or advertisements have a sexual hint in the message which may be taken literally and figuratively. They have two meanings depending on how you take it. It is usually a simple everyday product with a statement or manifestation to catch your attention.For example while looking at ads online, I came crossways an ad for a Toms Ford Fragrance. This ad contains a woman with deprivation lipstick and red nail polish, she is clearly naked as she holds her breasts and the store of cologne is in between them. Now this woman has nothing to do with the cologne whatsoever, but I bet she helped sell a deal out of the product which is directed at men. Why was it necessary to have her one-half naked in the ad? Beca role sex sells. Another ad and billboard I came across was for Ace Hardware.You have the Ace logo in the right corner and on the left in white authorship against a black backdrop reads, Need a good turnkey? Now this has a double meaning, you can take it literally as in needing a screw for maybe a project or something around the house or figuratively in a sexual way and meaning sex. Are these forms of advertising necessary, no, but it catches peoples attention and aids in selling and getting their product out there. Nudity has even become a major component in selling. Advertisement companies may call sex sells so they glorify it and use it. Yes, it helps to se ll the product, but what affect does that have on conjunction. Sex a lot has nothing to do with the product.If you look at clothing ads for top selling companies, its normal to externalise a woman or a man posing in a pair of jeans with their shirts off standing(a) with their perfect bodies. Or youll guarantee a woman in a bathing suit advertising for a hamburger company. Why do they need their shirts off or wherefore does she need to be in a bathing suit? Because again sex sells. They are not completely naked but there is a lot of throw together showing. This can create image problems in our society and make us self conscious as we try to strive to be manage what they see in the ad or on TV.It causes body issues as you sine qua non your body to look interchangeable theirs, skinny and toned. Self respect is a major issue that our younger generations are faced with curiously in girls as they try and look like these women. For decades advertisers have come up with an ideal for the perfect woman. This woman represents what five percent of women look like, yet this body type represents 98% percent of the women seen in the media (Kilbourne). masses look at themselves and compare themselves with what they see and tend to want to simulate it. Seeing these ads over and over with people you may want to look like can distort your idea.You may start to dress like these ads and in turn are showing more skin because you take this is acceptable since its all you see around you. Or if you see a new product being advertised you want you go out and buy it not really needing it, but just want it because its the new it item, you can become never satisfied with things because youre constantly out buying the new stuff. Sex appeal is a factor because would you buy something from someone who is considered less attractive? No, would be a rough-cut answer to some because our surroundings and being are create on looks and we are a very vain society where looks matter.S o with companies having this way of thinking, how do others view this? They most likely are thinking the same thing. From commercials to infomercials you see beautiful people posing and acting selling something you may want. It can and may degrade men and women. Men are shown in these ads, but if you notice its mostly women who seem to be objectified to sell the products. Women are widely seen as sex symbols, so why not use them in ads. Its become so common to see women half dressed that I acceptt think we really attract what is being put out there. It has become a norm to see raunchy or inappropriate billboards and laugh.Many dont see it as degrading, but as funny and entertaining. So imagine if we find humor in the ads and billboards now, just how far impart the companies go to push the envelope to sell something. Using men and women in these ads in sexual ways only objectives them and we shouldnt have to see them that way just to sell a product. Using sex sells is send a bad m essage to the public. I think we should change our way of advertising and censor the ads a bit. Be considerate and respectful and realize that that ad might offend someone. There are a lot of people who feel these ads are wrong and shouldnt be advertized.In fact, numerous women and men contacted the organization National Organization of Women (NOW) to complain closely the sexist beer ads that for example were ran during the football season (NOW). NOW is just one of many organizations out there fighting for the cause of changing advertisements. So with people on board of changing the way billboards and ads are being presented and put out there we will one day see a change or at least see a reduction in the sexual ads out there. We as a society should see what is being put out there and see that what they are promoting is only a product.

Conrad: Kill Whitey Essay

natural peoples of Africa die every day because of war, famine, and disease largely due to the bequest of europiuman imperialism. Joseph Conrad, who saw firsthand the horror (Conrad 154) of imperialism as a carry captain, sought to change public opinion and call attention to the atrocities committed. In aggregate of Darkness, Conrad articulates his negative view of imperialism as oppressive and hypocritical by contrasts and parallels of Africa and EuropeConrads sympathetic portrayal of natives and demonizing portrayal of the Europeans makes the reader actively despise the institution of imperialism by forcing them to condemn the actions of Europeans in every condition presented. In his journey to the inner station, Marlow captains a ship that is crewed by cannibals and carries Pilgrims. Conrad frames up a decisive contrast as Marlow observes with puzzlement that the cannibals act restrained, pull down though the Pilgrims throw out their food. Marlow, acting as the European pr ospect saw that manything restraining, one of those hu world secret that baffle probability, had come into incline here, (Conrad 116). While this situation of native cannibals versus European pilgrims illustrates a distinct remainder in behavior, other incidents stand out as well more or less of Marlows encounters portray the natives not as villains, but as victims.At the central station he watches as a black man is beaten by gaberdines for they said he had caused the fire in some way be that as it may, he was screeching most horribly, (Conrad 92). Here, Marlow characteristically infused doubt as to the mans guilt, through and through the be that as it may clause, that further shows victimization. But how much of this behavior is fiction? Avrom Fleishman writes that in his other works, Conrad consistently demonstrates how Europeans in their contact with natives show an emergence of submersed barbarism and that whites become more savage than the savages, (Fleishman 157). This p attern of role setback allows Conrad to easily defame imperialists through their beastly and Savage actions.If Africa houses and nurtures brutal, Conrad attempts to parallel it in Europe.Before Marlow begins to tell his story the narrator remarks on his surroundings, frequently interlinking descriptions of settings with foreshadows of doom, making London and the Thames part of the world Marlow is roughly to take the boatmen into. The sun is described as existence stricken to death, (Conrad 67) implying that grievous lurks not plainly in and amongst the denizens of Africa, but here in Europe too in the relative safety of the Thames. Chinua Achebe in his indictment of Conrad as a racialist admits a parallel between the Congo River and the Thames, stating the Thames, too, has been one of the darkest places on earth, (Achebe 1).The evil in Europe then must spread to its people. Kurtz, who embodies evil through his godlike control or hollowness, is both the most evil European and the most productive. Kurtz links ruthlessness to productivity and while his actions may exactly flourish in Africa, he still gathers ivory for Europe. By paralleling and linking the evil in Africa to Europe, Conrad poignantly shows the hypocrisy of the white view of black natives as savage. How can they be savage if the most evil person Africa is white?The hypocrisy of the imperialists extends beyond their perception of the natives it surrounds all of their actions. In his essay of Conrads views of imperialism Cedric Watts describes the circumstances of Marlows visit to the central Station.On one view we chatter instances of the inefficiency, wastefulness and futility of the imperialists endeavoursobjectless blasting, upturned trucks and on the other side we see the price in human terms of these activities the emaciated blacks of the chain-gang, starved slave labourers. The juxtaposition makes a telling indictment of the folly, hypocrisy and callousness of the supposed emissar ies of progress, pilgrims who, nominally Christians, atomic number 18 idolaters before ivory. (Watts 181)Watts charge illustrates view that all Europeans are alien to the region and do not belong. By making them search useless and more as a burden, Conrad makes the reader feel that the Europeans should precede Africa and convincing them in the context of Heart of Darkness will in conclusion help Conrad spread his anti-imperialist message.Throughout Heart of Darkness Conrad reinforces the Europeans as being outsiders, intruders, and the prime evildoers in the novel. He articulates his negative view of imperialism through contrasts and parallels of Africa and Europe through his contrast of the cannibals and pilgrims, the role of Kurtz, and his portrayal of the imperialists. Conrad observed the horror of Imperialism and set out to fight it being sewing seeds of discontent in his readers feelings about the issue cementing Heart of Darkness as a prime guinea pig of an anti-imperiali st text.Works CitedAchebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa The Massachusetts Review Vol. XVIII No. 4 Winter 1977 782-94. Exploring Novels. Student Resource Center, Detroit. 29 Nov. 2003 .Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York Signet Classic, 1950.Fleishman, Avrom. The governing of Imperialism. Conrads PoliticsCommunity and Anarchy in the fiction of Joseph Conrad. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, (1967) 89-96. Rpt. in Readings on Heart of Darkness. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. 156-161.Watts, Cedric. Indirect Methods Convey Conrads Views of Imperialism. A Preface to Conrad. London Longman Group UK Ltd., (1993). Rpt. in Readings on Heart of Darkness. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. 177-183.