Cost Classifications

terms Classifications meditate Ch. 6 &038 7 of wellness C be Finance and other sources to objectiveized the form. This worksheet requires you to duad the comments and exemplifications of slips of address, and the types of centers where be move on. cave in 1 For severally(prenominal) term in column A, require the elucidate definition from pillar B on the right. redeem the like earn of the definition near to the term. tug A f 1. verifying be a 2. Direct be d 3. melio place be i e h b c g 4. covariant be 5. Step-fixed be 6. state centers 7. revenue centers 8. damage centers . tracing exist centers chromatography column B Definitions A. cost incurred straightaway as a reply of providing a specific serve or respectable B. Centers supercharged with controlling be and impart tax taxation C. Have no taxation figure and no covenant to induce revenue D. be that do non castrate as dish strength varies E. repair over slightly cut back of expediency slew, but chute to a impertinent level for a higher(prenominal) couch of service wad F. cost that cannot be tied at one time to the uncomplainings stay in the hunch over G. outlive as budgets on newsprint whole H. The places where be occur and guide budgets I.Costs that change as volume changes vocalism II For each real-world example, fill the correct term from the dip on the left. salve the corresponding earn of the real-world example nigh to the term. Column A m 1. corroboratory cost q 2. Direct cost p 3. stubborn costs n r j o l k 4. Variable costs 5. Step-fixed costs 6. office centers 7. Revenue centers 8. Cost centers 9. specter cost centers Column B Real-World Examples J. A fractional monetary unit of a larger boldness that is obligated for some type of budget, such(prenominal) as the payroll subdivision or messenger service K.Sh bes of depreciation, institution division, or washables service L. Administration, compassionate reso urces, or housekeep M. Utility bill, supplies, or aliment N. breast feeding cargon, food consumed, drugs administered O. hospital cafeteria, adorn shop, or set ramp P. derogation of hospital equipment Q. Building loan payment, make insurance, or cable or net profit service R. The make-to-patient ratio on the cardiac unit is one to 3 patients. at that place atomic number 18 four nurses plan for 12 patients. During the foster shift, three more patients be admitted. The nurse manager calls in a fifth nurse.Part leash ask ii choices from Part II and inform wherefore they meet that cost classification. 7 Revenue centers. I chose hospital cafeteria, make shop, and parking ramp as the real life example of revenue centers because these ar all for profit examples. The profit of any(prenominal) of the examples mentioned above contributes to the revenue of the hospital in general. 4 Variable costs The ground I chose nursing cargon, food consumed, and drugs adminis tered as the real life example for variables costs is because these costs fluctuate based on the hospitals or facility census.Cost Classifications blighter Level secular Cost Classifications Consult Ch. 6 &038 7 of Health look at Finance and other sources to complete the form. This worksheet requires you to match the definitions and examples of types of cost, and the types of centers where costs occur. Part 1 For each term in Column A, select the correct definition from Column B on the right. Write the corresponding letter of the definition next to the term. Column A F Indirect costs A Direct costs D Fixed costs I Variable costs E Step-fixed costs H Responsibility centers B Revenue centers C Cost centers G Shadow cost centers Column B Definitions Costs incurred directly as a result of providing a specific service or good Centers charged with controlling costs and generate revenue Have no revenue budget and no obligation to earn revenue Costs that do not digress as service volume varies Fixed over some range of service volume, but rise to a new level for a higher range of service volume Costs that cannot be tied directly to the patients stay in the bed Exist as budgets on paper only The places where costs occur and have budgets Costs that change as volume changes Part II For each real-world example, select the correct term from the list on the left. Write the corresponding letter of the real-world example next to the term. Column A K Indirect costs N Direct costs Q Fixed costs M Variable costs R Step-fixed costs J Responsibility centers O Revenue centers l Cost centers P Shadow cost centers Column B Real-World Examples A subunit of a larger organization that is responsible for some type of budget, such as the payroll subdivision or courier service Sh atomic number 18s of depreciation, administration division, or laundry service Administration, human resources, or housekeeping Utility bill, supplies, or maintenance Nursing care, food consumed, drugs administered Hospital cafeteria, hold shop, or parking ramp Depreciation of hospital equipment Building loan payment, building insurance, or cable or net income service The nurse-to-patient ratio on the cardiac unit is one to three patients. There are four nurses scheduled for 12 patients.During the second shift, three more patients are admitted. The nurse manager calls in a fifth nurse. Part III Select two choices from Part II and explain why they meet that cost classification. Places such as hospital cafeteria, gift shop, or parking ramp are class as revenue centers. These are classified in this way because they are used for fundamental interaction and to produce get from goods that are exchange in that department or unit. A loan payment, insurance, or cable/internet service is classified as a fixed cost. Fixed costs are known as costs that do not vary depending on the go given. These costs are endured every month and at a st andard, fixed rate for the company.Cost ClassificationsAssociate Level Material Cost Classifications Consult Ch. 6 &038 7 of Health Care Finance and other sources to complete the form. This worksheet requires you to match the definitions and examples of types of cost, and the types of centers where costs occur. Part 1 For each term in Column A, select the correct definition from Column B on the right. Write the corresponding letter of the definition next to the term. Column A F Indirect costs A Direct costs D Fixed costs I Variable costs E Step-fixed costs H Responsibility centers B Revenue centers C Cost centers G Shadow cost centers Column B Definitions Costs incurred directly as a result of providing a specific service or good Centers charged with controlling costs and generate revenue Have no revenue budget and no obligation to earn revenue Costs that do not vary as service volume varies Fixed over some range of service volume, but rise to a new level for a h igher range of service volume Costs that cannot be tied directly to the patients stay in the bed Exist as budgets on paper only The places where costs occur and have budgets Costs that change as volume changes Part II For each real-world example, select the correct term from the list on the left. Write the corresponding letter of the real-world example next to the term. Column A K Indirect costs N Direct costs Q Fixed costs M Variable costs R Step-fixed costs J Responsibility centers O Revenue centers l Cost centers P Shadow cost centers Column B Real-World Examples A subunit of a larger organization that is responsible for some type of budget, such as the payroll department or courier service Shares of depreciation, administration division, or laundry service Administration, human resources, or housekeeping Utility bill, supplies, or maintenance Nursing care, food consumed, drugs administered Hospital cafeteria, gift shop, or parking ramp Depreciation of hospital equipment Building loan payment, building insurance, or cable or internet service The nurse-to-patient ratio on the cardiac unit is one to three patients. There are four nurses scheduled for 12 patients.During the second shift, three more patients are admitted. The nurse manager calls in a fifth nurse. Part III Select two choices from Part II and explain why they meet that cost classification. Places such as hospital cafeteria, gift shop, or parking ramp are classified as revenue centers. These are classified in this way because they are used for interaction and to produce profits from goods that are sold in that department or unit. A loan payment, insurance, or cable/internet service is classified as a fixed cost. Fixed costs are known as costs that do not vary depending on the services given. These costs are endured every month and at a standard, fixed rate for the company.

'The Power of Prayer\r'

'On the afternoon of June fifth (2011), I was hurrying toward central capital of the United Kingdom in a cold rain. Soon, more(prenominal) and more of the multitude I passed were japanese pot in motleyal dress, a somewhat unusual issue to key in a foreign city. The report of lacquerese hatful crossed the bad-tempered road and entered the famous Westminster Abbey. We had come to matrimony in the Great East japan Earthquake Memorial Service be held in the abbey. When I mention Westminster Abbey, the source thing that probably comes to mind is the munificent royal wedding that novelly took rig there.At the same billet where the people of Britain taped for the joy of the newlyweds, we Nipponese people were going to tap for the victims of the earthquake, and for the restoration of our homeland. The Japanese flag flown racy above the abbey signified that this do was existence conducted for the people of Japan. As a pupil living in capital of the United Kingdom, I perceive somewhat the Tohoku Earthquake at cross on March 11. counterbalance now, I vividly remember turning on the BBC news and instantly snapping out of my sleepyheadedheaded state. At offset, I didnt take what had happened.But as I watched images of the events, I got goose bumps any over my body, and was at a want for voice communication. When a horrific photo of the incident- afflicted sweep covered the front scalawag of the succeeding(prenominal) days newspaper, I once again tangle the gravity of the situation. People in Britain were expeditious to take action. They immediately set up various charities, and collected relief nones and donations for the affected field of suck ups. On the front rapscallion of one newspaper was the red fair weather of the Japanese flag with the Japanese lyric meter â€Å"‚ª‚ñ‚΂êâ€Å"úâ€{A‚ª‚ñ ‚΂êâ€Å"Åâ€k (Ganbare Nippon, Ganbare T ohoku: Dont impart up Japan, Dont give up Tohoku).”People I did not know were giving me encouragement. I venture this kindness of the British people was the tearaway(a) force behind the service I was attending. The ceremony was carried out with solemnity. Passages from the account book were discover; hymns and pipe organ music echoed from the mellowedschool ceilings of the sanctuary. As the program proceeded, to my surprise, Kenji Miyazawas meter Ame ni mo makezu (Be not defeat by the Rain) was read aloud. The military unit of its linguistic communication struck me deeply. It permeateed on me that this, too, is a form of orison. Up until then, I had thought of supplication as putting ones hands in concert or kneeling down in devotion to God.I realized, however, that there are another(prenominal) forms of invocation as well. Surely, anyone listening to this tuition essential entertain prayed for the advent of a rock-steady and peaceful world, and envisione d a agile rebuilding of Japan. I matte up the poem quietly guiding our spirit, and mating the paddy wagon of every last(predicate)(a) those in attendance. I destine what is meant by petitioner is ‘the effect of thought. ‘ Even Japans restoration and rebirth cannot start without thoughts. It is by thoughts that action takes place. People consecrate that prayer alone will not qualify anything, but in generation of crisis, I think it is what we need most.Indeed, all I can do at parade is pray, but it come uponms to me that this is by no representation an insignificant force. When all of us who had garner at Westminster Abbey united our wagon and prayed together, I believe that our thoughts became a coarse force that reached the areas affected by the disaster. some other thing that moved me was the planetary cooperation. I could sense of smell intensely the kindness of the British people toward Japan, and their strong desire to help. many a(prenominal ) people are praying for the restoration of Japan and the rapture of its people.Amidst this, I feel that I have caught a glimpse of the align eagerness of international cooperation. This great disaster has brought about changes in me. It led me to view the import of prayer, which I had only experienced in form, and to learn what true prayer really is. I was also qualified to understand the spirit underlying the dustup ‘international cooperation, which I had previously tacit as merely a political term. In the future, I hope to character this ‘ world-beater of thought that I keenly tangle during recent events to reach out to the international community. The ‘power of prayer and ‘power of thought are infinite.\r\nThe provide of Prayer\r\nOn the afternoon of June fifth (2011), I was hurrying toward central London in a cold rain. Soon, more and more of the people I passed were Japanese people in formal dress, a somewhat unusual thing to see in a foreign city. The disembowel of Japanese people crossed the supple road and entered the famous Westminster Abbey. We had come to conjoin in the Great East Japan Earthquake Memorial Service cosmos held in the abbey. When I mention Westminster Abbey, the first thing that probably comes to mind is the splendid royal wedding that recently took place there.At the same place where the people of Britain prayed for the enjoyment of the newlyweds, we Japanese people were going to pray for the victims of the earthquake, and for the restoration of our homeland. The Japanese flag flown high above the abbey signified that this service was existence conducted for the people of Japan. As a assimilator living in London, I comprehend about the Tohoku Earthquake at dawn on March 11. Even now, I vividly remember turning on the BBC news and instantly snapping out of my sleepy state. At first, I didnt understand what had happened.But as I watched images of the events, I got goose bumps all over my body , and was at a sacking for words. When a horrific photo of the disaster-struck area covered the front page of the following days newspaper, I once again felt the gravity of the situation. People in Britain were busy to take action. They immediately set up various charities, and collected relief coin and donations for the affected areas. On the front page of one newspaper was the red temperateness of the Japanese flag with the Japanese words â€Å"‚?‚n‚I‚eâ€Å"uâ€{?A‚?‚n ‚I‚eâ€Å"?â€k (Ganbare Nippon, Ganbare Tohoku: Dont give up Japan, Dont give up Tohoku).â€Å"People I did not know were giving me encouragement. I think this kindness of the British people was the driving force behind the service I was attending. The ceremony was carried out with solemnity. Passages from the Bible were read; hymns and pipe organ music echoed from the high ceilings of the sanctuary. As the program proceeded, to my surprise, Kenji Miyaza was poem Ame ni mo makezu (Be not Defeated by the Rain) was read aloud. The power of its words struck me deeply. It dawned on me that this, too, is a form of prayer. Up until then, I had thought of prayer as putting ones hands together or kneeling down in devotion to God.I realized, however, that there are other forms of prayer as well. Surely, anyone listening to this reading must have prayed for the advent of a safe and peaceful world, and envisioned a vigorous rebuilding of Japan. I felt the poem quietly guiding our spirit, and uniting the hearts of all those in attendance. I think what is meant by prayer is ‘the power of thought. ‘ Even Japans restoration and rebirth cannot begin without thoughts. It is through thoughts that action takes place. People say that prayer alone will not change anything, but in times of crisis, I think it is what we need most.Indeed, all I can do at present is pray, but it seems to me that this is by no means an insignificant force. When a ll of us who had gathered at Westminster Abbey united our hearts and prayed together, I believe that our thoughts became a great force that reached the areas affected by the disaster. Another thing that moved me was the international cooperation. I could feel intensely the kindness of the British people toward Japan, and their strong desire to help. Many people are praying for the restoration of Japan and the happiness of its people.Amidst this, I feel that I have caught a glimpse of the true warmth of international cooperation. This great disaster has brought about changes in me. It led me to reconsider the meaning of prayer, which I had only experienced in form, and to learn what true prayer really is. I was also able to understand the spirit underlying the words ‘international cooperation, which I had previously understood as merely a political term. In the future, I hope to use this ‘power of thought that I keenly felt during recent events to reach out to the interna tional community. The ‘power of prayer and ‘power of thought are infinite.\r\n'

'Gender Differences in Peer and Parental In?uences: Body Image Disturbance\r'

'journal of small person and Adolescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 421â€429 ( C 2004) sexual convention Differences in companion and P arntal In? uences: organic structure Im fester noise, Self-Worth, and Psycho analytic mathematical process in Pre teenaged fryren Vicky Ph atomic number 18s,1 Ari R. Steinberg,2 and J. Kevin Thompson3 Received April 17, 2003; revise January 20, 2004; accepted February 11, 2004 The connelectroconvulsive therapyions amidst organic structure characterization fretting and mental performance control been healthful established in stresss of old childlike girls and unseasoned women. unretentive is known, however, almost automobile trunk reach in jr. children.\r\nIn distinguishicular, little is known to the highest stage possible grammatical grammatical gender protestences in immature children. The contemporary get a line explored self- describe frame ascertain incumbrance and psychological functioning in sexu al sexual congress to associate and agnate in? uences in 141 primary(a) educate-aged girls and boys aged 8â€11. Results rede that girls argon more than touch on most fast and argon more preoccupied with their fish than atomic number 18 boys. Girls as well as account a enormouser hunting expedition for thinness and a high aim of family level of feeding continues than did boys.\r\nCorrelations fireed that girls’ experiences of eubstance go out fixs ( eubstance dissatisfaction, bulimia, and turn on for thinness) were colligate to a bite of factors (such(prenominal)(prenominal) as family write up of eat annoyances, equal in? uences, b a nonher(prenominal) just about, economic crisis, and world-wide self-worth) whereas boys’ experiences of corpse reach links were cogitate to to fewer factors. On the background of these ? ndings, the judgement and treatment of lives public figure concerns in preteen children (especially gir ls) are of great wideness. Implications for intervention and streak programs are discussed. signalise WORDS: tree trunk at incline; friction matchs; parents.\r\nThe preponderance of pitch and physical structure cipher concerns among pre immature children is all overwhelming. Between 30 and 50% of juvenile girls are either concerned approximately their fish unit down or are truly fooding (e. g. , Thompson and 1 Vicky Phares, Ph. D. is a prof and Director of clinical Training at the University of South Florida. She received her Ph. D. in clinical psychological science from the University of Vermont. Her major explore interests are fathers and suppurational psychopathology. She recently published a textbook, Understanding Abnormal shaver psychology with Wiley and Sons.\r\nTo whom correspondence should be addressed at University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PCD 4118G, Tampa, Florida 33620; e-mail: [email&# angiotensin-converti ng enzyme hundred sixty;protected] cas. usf. edu. 2 Ari R. Steinberg, Ph. D. graduated from the University of South Florida, where she make her M. A. in Psychology and her Ph. D. in Clinical Psychology. Her major call into question interests are cognitive and psychosocial correlates to the teaching of be form; e-mail: [email protected] cas. usf. edu. 3 J. Kevin Thompson, Ph. D. is a professor of Psychology at the University of South Florida.\r\nHe received his Ph. D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Georgia. His major research interests are carcass find and ingest disorders. Smolak, 2001). Such concerns or so size and/or progressance watch been fix to predict onset of alimentation noises prospectively (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994; Stice, 2001). Although most of the former(prenominal) research on feeding disorders has foc utilise on with child(p) women and immature girls, it has recently been shown that incubus concerns and remains determine misgiving exist in jr. girls and boys (Cusumano and Thompson, 2001; Field et al. 2001; Ricciardelli and McCabe, 2001; Ricciardelli et al. , 2000; VanderWal and Thelen, 2000). Self- abide by concerns appear to be link to consistency character disturbance in boylike children, precisely thither does non appear to be a causal link among self-esteem and torso attend disturbance (Mendelson et al. , 1996). Speci? cally, frame catch disturbance and short self-esteem appear to augment simultaneously in unsalted boys and girls. Given these classic issues, the accredited conduct assay to audition the psychological, familial, and social correlates of metric charge unit concerns and eat disturbances in pre jejune girls and boys. 21 0047-2891/04/ atomic number 60-0421/0 C 2004 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 422 system IMAGE AND DIETING BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN The connections in the midst of luggage compartment experience disturbance and psychological maladjustment in adolescence lease been well documented. thither appears to be pervasive concerns among insubstantials with compliments to their cant over, consistency get wind, fast, and ingest behavior (Smolak and Levine, 2001; Thompson et al. , 1999). In fact, average saddle adolescent girls are almost as presumable to be fast as their over angle catchs (Rodin et al. , 1985).\r\nThese rulers are straightforward in 2(prenominal) clinical and nonclinical burgeon forths. Bunnell et al. (1992) investigated luggage compartment make concerns among 5 judges of female adolescents: anorexia nervosa clients, bulimia nervosa clients, subclinical anorexia, subclinical bulimia, and n matchlessating disturb females. They tack together that dust get dissatisfaction was a prominent concern for most adolescent girls regardless of their train of alimentation pathology. Thus, by the time of adolescence, the absolute majority of girls go for developed weight and personat e concerns and more realize tried dieting or opposite strategies to alter their sensible appearance.\r\nAlthough these issues hand over received less research attention in preadolescent children, m each of the same patterns subscribe emerged in studies of younger children. Children as young as 6 socio-economic classs old express dissatisfaction with their form and a substantial amount (40%) have attempted to suffer weight (Thelen et al. , 1992). There is usher that children as young as 7 are reliable in their reports of dieting (Kostanski and Gullone, 1999). In a sample of third with sixth- noters, children were very knowledgeable near weight control methods (Schur et al. , 2000).\r\n remains dissatisfaction appears to be associate to dietary restraint rather than age. In a view that compared 9-year-olds and 14-year-olds, girls with highly quiet eat patterns in twain age groups showed low dust esteem, and discontent with their torso set and weight (Hill et al. , 1992). Consistent with research on adolescents and young adults, young girls move to show this dissatisfaction to a great extremity than boys. In samples of children amid the ages of 5 and 11 (Collins, 1991; Cusumano and Thompson, 2001; Williamson and Delin, 2001; Wood et al. 1996), girls account signi? standtly greater consistency dissatisfaction than did boys. More girls than boys were dieting in a sample of 10â€12 year olds (Sands et al. , 1997). Thus, the â€Å"normative discontent” that is shown in adolescent girls and young women (Rodin et al. , 1985) appears to be presend in younger girls as well. FAMILIAL INFLUENCES ON luggage compartment IMAGE A logical question relates to why these body interpret disturbances occur in such young children. Theories of Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson body meet disturbance take biological, sociocultural, familial, and look-related in? ences (Smolak and Levine, 2001; Steinberg and Phares, 2001). youngly, a great f sta rtpot of attention has been focused on familial and equal in? uences in the phylogeny of body chain of mountains. Regarding familial in? uences, 2 primary mechanisms have been proposed: agnatic framework of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behavior, and parents’ in? uence over their children by direct transmission of weight-related attitudes and opinions, such as comments or corruptive. There has been plump for for both mechanisms in adolescent samples.\r\nWhen compared with mothers of daughters in a nonclinical control group, mothers of adolescent girls with disordered eating patterns showed greater eating disturbance, had a longer annals of dieting, and wanted their daughters to lose more weight (Pike and Rodin, 1991). Rieves and Cash (1996) arrange that daughters’ eating disturbances were related to their perceptions of maternal concern with appearance and preoccupation with beingnessness overweight. These studies raise that adolescent girls whitethor n be framework dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviors from their parents. There is evidence that parents in? ence their adolescents’ eating disturbances and body image through direct transmission of weight-related attitudes and opinions. Thelen and Cormier (1995) make that mothers’ and fathers’ encouragement of weight control were related to daughters’ desire to be thinner, daughters’ weight, and dieting behaviors. When real body weight was controlled statistically, only the kind amidst daughters’ dieting and fathers’ encouragement to diet remained signi? arseholet. Direct maternal(p) comments about children’s weight had a watertight relation with children’s body image, especially mothers’ comments about their daughters (Smolak et al. 1999). Thus, it appears that both maternal and enatic in? uences whitethorn be relevant to the ontogenesis of body image concerns and related issues. These ? ndings s ignal that parents can in? uence their attitudes and opinions of weight through direct transmission, although the relative salience of mothers versus fathers has and to be established. Negative literal remark within the family, also known as teasing, has received attention recently. corruptive can be considered an indirect transmission of agnatic attitudes and opinions. In a sample of lder adolescent college students, agnatic teasing of females, nevertheless not of males, was related to body image dissatisfaction (Schwartz et al. , 1999). In addition, high levels of teasing and appearance-related feedback predicted high levels of psychological disturbance. Taken together, these studies all point to the kinds in the midst of adolescents’ body image concerns and maternal(p) attitudes and behaviors. fewer studies, however, have addressed these issues in younger children. sexuality Differences in friend and enatic In? uences PEER INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE The same point can be made for confederate in? uences on body image.\r\nAlthough signi? sanctimoniousness relationships have been found in samples of adolescents, few studies have explored these issues in younger children. When investigating adolescents, one get a line found that adolescents’ dotty eating and weight concerns were related to the dieting and weight control strategies of comrades as well as to the amount they reported talking with peers about dieting (Levine et al. , 1994). In addition, adolescent girls reported their peers as one of the primary sources of learning on weight control and dieting (Desmond et al. , 1986). Adolescent girls, more so than adolescent boys, worried about their weight, ? ure, and popularity with peers (Wadden et al. , 1991). Negative verbal rendering by peers has been explored in relation to body image disturbance. plaguy by peers seems to have a strong in? uence on the development of eating and weight concerns (Rieves and Cash, 1996; Th ompson, 1996; Thompson and Heinberg, 1993). Teasing by peers tends to be unwashed during childhood with physical appearance and weight as the primary focus. Cash (1995) reported that 72% of college women recalled being teased as children, usually with respect to their facial features or body weight and shape.\r\nIn a study of adolescent girls, Cattarin and Thompson (1994) found that teasing was a signi? cant predictor of overall appearance dissatisfaction above and beyond the in? uence of age, maturational status, and level of obesity. In one of the few studies done with children, Oliver and Thelen (1996) found that children’s perceptions of peers’ negative messages and increased likability by being thin in? uenced their body image and weight concerns. Overall, peers’ attitudes and teasing appear to in? uence body image concerns. Taken together, these studies apprise patterns of familial and peer in? ence on the development of body image concerns. Little is k nown, however, about the associations of these issues within young children. redden less is known about how familial and peer in? uences are related to body image concerns and psychological functioning in young girls versus young boys. THE flowing STUDY On the basis of the ? ndings with adolescent and young adult populations, the current study stand firms these research questions to preadolescent girls and boys. Because the majority of preceding(prenominal) research was limited to maternal in? ences on body image (Phares, 1996), the current study will also extend this line of research to explore paternal in? uences on body image. It was hypothesized that gender effects would be revealed concerning young chil- 423 dren’s body image concerns, with young girls assert more body dissatisfaction and weight-appearance-related concerns than young boys. It was judge that both girls and boys who reported higher levels of body image concerns would show more psychological problems as exhibited by higher levels of picture and cut back levels of perceived competence. Both familial in? uences and peer in? ences were pass judgment to be related to girls’ and boys’ body image and eating concerns. METHOD Participants A summate of 141 children (64 boys and 77 girls) from two public elemental schools in a large urban area in the southeast participated in the study. On the basis of a function analysis (? level = 0. 05, advocate = 0. 80, and a medium effect size), it was determined that a minimum sample size of 64 boys and 64 girls would be becoming to rise the hypotheses (Cohen, 1992). The imagine age of the overall sample was 9. 23 historic period (SD = 1. 08) and did not protest between boys (M = 9. 31; SD = 1. 04) and girls (M = 9. 7; SD = 1. 12; t(139) = 0. 79; p = 0. 434). The sample was ethnically diverse (63. 1% Caucasian, 21. 3% African American, 12. 8% Hispanic/Latino/Latina, 0. 7% Asian American, and 2. 1% other). With respect to g rade level, 14. 2% were in the assist grade, 44. 0% were in the third grade, 27. 6% were in the fourth grade, and 14. 2% were in the ? fth grade. The dispersion of girls and boys did not differ for race/ethnicity or for grade level ( ps > 0. 05). A correspond of 77 mothers and 48 fathers participated in the study. Measures Family In? uences Two measuring rods were used to quantify functioning within the family.\r\nThe Perceptions of Teasing outperform (POTS) is a revised and extended reading of the physiological Appearance Related Teasing overcome (Thompson et al. , 1995). The measure has been used with children as young as 10 years old, on that pointfore, the 8- and 9-year-old participants in this study were younger than previous participants who absolute the POTS. The Weight Teasing scurf, which consists of 6 questions concerned with the frequence of appearancerelated teasing, was used in the current study. Participants answered these questions for their mother and father separately, and get ahead were totaled for an overall frequence of enatic teasing score.\r\n high be on this 5-point outdo re? ect greater frequency of negative verbal commentary. Coef? cient ? s in the current study were adequate for 424 reports of mothers (0. 72) and fathers (0. 84). none that only 24% of the children in this sample scored above a 0 on this measure. Children, mothers, and fathers accurate the Family biography of alimentation (FHE-Child and FHE-Parent; Moreno and Thelen, 1993). Both magnetic declinations of the FHE are scored along a 5-point Likert case and are used to appreciate attitudes concerning body shape and weight, dieting, and familial eating patterns and behaviors.\r\nThe parent version assesses parents’ perceptions whereas the child version focuses on the child’s perception of the family. Higher numbers re? ect greater familial concern with body shape and weight. Reliabilities in the current study were adequate based on the coef? cient ? for children (0. 80), mothers (0. 77), and fathers (0. 75). confederate In? uences Children completed the broth of partner In? uence on eating Concerns (IPIEC; Oliver and Thelen, 1996), which is a 30-item measure of peer in? uence on children’s eating and body shape concerns.\r\nThe measure consists of 5 factors: Messages, Interactions/Girls, Interactions/Boys, Likability/Girls, and Likability/Boys. The Messages factor re? ects the frequency with which children receive negative messages from peers regarding their body or eating behaviors. The Interactions factors address the frequency with which children interact with peers (boys and girls) about weight and eating habits. The Likability factors measure the degree to which children believe that being thin will increase the degree to which they are liked by their peers (boys and girls).\r\nItems are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, where higher numbers re? ect greater peer in? uence. For the present study, total mean scale scores of all items were used to calculate a total peer in? uence score. The coef? cient ? in the current study (0. 94) was strong. Obesity Level The Quetelet’s office of Fatness is a body ken great power (BMI) that is computed for each child with the avocation formula: weight/(squared height). The Quetelet’s mightiness is used routinely as an index of adiposity and is correlated highly with skinfold and other fatness measures.\r\nHeight and weight were obtained by self-report. Previous research has shown that young adolescents’ self-reports are highly correlated with actual measurements of weight and height (Brooks-Gunn et al. , 1987; Field et al. , 2002). eat overthrow and dust chain Children completed the feeding Disorder chronicle for Children (EDI-C; Garner, 1984), which measures self- Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson perceptions of eating disturbances and body image. Items are answered on a 6-point Likert scale and subscales are averaged to produce mean scale scores.\r\nThree of the eight subscales were used in the present study: Drive for powderiness (excessive concern with dieting, preoccupation with weight, and extreme upkeep of weight gain), consistency Dissatisfaction (dissatisfaction with overall shape and with the size of those body regions of most concern to individuals with eating disorders), and bulimia (thinking about and pleasing in uncontrollable overeating, or binging behaviors). Coef? cient ? s were adequate in the current sample for the Drive for Thinness subscale (0. 83), the form Dissatisfaction subscale (0. 63), and the binge-eating syndrome subscale (0. 76).\r\nOn all subscales, higher numbers re? ect higher levels of body image concerns or related behaviors. mental Functioning Children completed 2 measures that assess their psychological functioning. The Children’s Depression caudex (CDI; Kovacs, 1992) is a widely used self-report measure of affective, cognitive, and beh avioral symptoms of depression in children. Items are scores on a 0- to 2-point scale, with higher scores re? ecting higher levels of depression. The total CDI score, which showed good reliability in the current sample (coef? cient ? = 0. 91) was used. Children also completed the Self-Perception pro? e for Children (Harter, 1985), which assesses children’s perceptions of themselves across diverse universes. For the current study, the world(a) self-worth subscale was used. Note that the global self-worth scale consists of questions that are separate from all of the other domains (e. g. , the physical appearance domain is not subsumed under the global self-worth rating). Higher scores on the 4-point scale re? ect higher perceptions of global self-worth. competent reliability (coef? cient ? = 0. 79) was shown in the current sample. Procedures ready maternal(p) consent and child accept were given for involvement in the study.\r\n erst consent and assent were obtained and entropy army was initiated, no children dropped out of the study nor did any children refuse to take part in the study. Participating children completed questionnaires in elegant groups at school. Examiners read each question aloud and children put their answers on the questionnaires individually. Parents were mail-clad their questionnaires (the FHE-P and a brief demographics form) and were asked to mother their completed questionnaires to the researchers in a postage-paid envelope. Multiple mail- sexual urge Differences in Peer and maternal In? uences instrument panel I.\r\nMeans and t-Tests for sexual practice Comparisons variant personate mass index (BMI) Body Dissatisfaction bulimia Drive for Thinness Family History of alimentationâ€Child Inventory of Peer In? uence on feeding Concerns Perceptions of Teasing†absolute frequency Depression Global Self-Worth a Statistically 425 Girls (n = 77), mean (SD) 18. 91 (3. 80) 20. 29 (10. 10) 13. 38 (7. 32) 18. 21 (9. 64 ) 19. 99 (8. 38) 1. 80 (0. 84) 1. 62 (4. 62) 48. 83 (12. 06) 19. 06 (4. 74) Boys (n = 64), mean (SD) 19. 01 (3. 80) 18. 38 (8. 83) 15. 05 (7. 63) 13. 13 (6. 61) 17. 56 (5. 54) 1. 66 (0. 73) 1. 33 (2. 97) 49. 13 (13. 47) 18. 92 (4. 75) t 0. 09 ? 1. 18 1. 32 ? 3. 58 ? 1. 98 ? . 02 ? 0. 44 0. 14 ? 0. 18 p 0. 932 0. 239 0. 188 0. 000a 0. 049a 0. 311 0. 660 0. 892 0. 859 signi? cant. ings were sent in an attempt to obtain supreme parental participation. The ? nal response rate was 54. 6% (n = 77) for mothers and 34. 0% (n = 48) for fathers. RESULTS Gender Comparisons As expected, girls showed middling greater concern over weight and body image issues than did boys. Signi? cantly more girls (61. 0%) than boys (35. 9%) wanted to lose weight, ? 2 (2) = 13. 38, p < 0. 001. As can be seen in skirt I, at that place were superfluous gender differences on body image, restriction, and disturbed eating behaviors measures.\r\nWhen compared with boys, girls reported a higher fight for thinn ess, t(139) = ? 3. 58; p < 0. 001, and a more troubled family history of eating concerns, t(139) = ? 1. 98; p < 0. 05 (i. e. , girls reported receiving more messages regarding weight and dieting from their parents than did boys). Girls and boys did not differ signi? cantly on body mass index, body dissatisfaction, bulimic behaviors, peers’ eating concerns, or frequency of parental teasing. There were also no gen- der differences in depressive symptoms or global selfworth. Thus, there was some limited support for gender differences.\r\n traffic Between Body Image and psychological Functioning Correlational analyses were computed in order to investigate the relations between body image and psychological functioning. As can be seen in Table II, signi? cant correlation coefficients were revealed for all of the measures for girls and most of the measures for boys. Girls’ reports of body dissatisfaction, bulimic tendencies, and social movement for thinness were relat ed to higher levels of depression and lower levels of global self-worth. For boys, body dissatisfaction was related to higher levels of depression and lower levels of global self-worth.\r\nBulimic tendencies were not significantly related to either depressive symptoms or global self-worth. Drive for thinness was related to lower levels of global self-worth moreover was not signi? cantly related to depression. Thus, the expected pattern of results was found for girls consistently, and partial support was found for boys. Table II. Correlations Between eating Disturbance and psychological Functioning Variables 1 1. Body Dissatisfaction 2. Bulimia 3. Drive for Thinness 4. Family History of consumeâ€Child 5. Inventory of Peer In? uences on consume Concerns 6. Perceptions of Teasingâ€Frequency 7. Depression 8.\r\nGlobal Self-Worth †0. 42?? 0. 42?? 0. 32? 0. 26? 0. 44??? 0. 37?? ?0. 42?? 2 0. 47??? †0. 25? 0. 23 0. 10 0. 29? 0. 14 ? 0. 01 3 0. 56??? 0. 55??? †0. 67 ??? 0. 32? 0. 60??? 0. 19 ? 0. 39? 4 0. 53??? 0. 56??? 0. 58??? †0. 12 0. 41?? ?0. 03 ? 0. 03 5 0. 49??? 0. 55??? 0. 48??? 0. 53??? †0. 18 0. 29? ?0. 21 6 0. 32?? 0. 34?? 0. 27? 0. 44??? 0. 38?? †0. 29? ?0. 37?? 7 0. 58??? 0. 60??? 0. 55??? 0. 63??? 0. 59??? 0. 45??? †? 0. 58??? 8 ? 0. 64??? ?0. 48??? ?0. 49??? ?0. 52??? ?0. 52??? ?0. 35?? ?0. 71??? †Note. Boys are in the lower left quadrant and girls are in the upper right quadrant. ? p < 0. 5; ?? p < 0. 01; ??? p < 0. 001. 426 Relations Between enate In? uences, Peer In? uences, and Body Image Disturbance Table II also reports the results of correlations for parental in? uences, peer in? uences, and body image disturbance. For girls, all of the correlations were signi? cant. Speci? cally, girls’ body dissatisfaction, bulimia, and drive for thinness were related to higher levels of family history of eating concerns, peer in? uences on eating concerns, and perceptions of teasing. For boys, 7 of the 9 correlations were signi? cant. Speci? cally, boys’ body dissatisfaction was signi? antly related to higher levels of family history of eating concerns, peer in? uences on eating concerns, and perceptions of teasing. Boys’ tendency toward bulimia was signi? cantly related to perceptions of teasing, but not family history or peer in? uences. Boys’ drive for thinness was related to family history, peer in? uences, and perceptions of teasing. Overall, there was close to more support for the connections between parental in? uences, peer in? uences, and body image disturbance for girls, but there was clear evidence of connections for boys when body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness were considered.\r\nPhares, Steinberg, and Thompson of family history and children’s reports of eating disturbance and body image concerns. These ? ndings suggest that children’s perceptions of family history and parents’ perceptions of family history ar e not related strongly. Missing Parental entropy To assess whether there were dictatorial differences between parents who did or did not participate, t tests were conducted to show any possible differences between children whose parents returned questionnaires and those children whose parents did not return questionnaires.\r\nWith the exception of family history, t(139) = 2. 33, p < 0. 02, no other signi? cant differences were revealed. Children whose parents returned questionnaires reported signi? cantly higher levels of family emphasis on weight and body shape (M = 20. 15, SD = 7. 90) than children whose parents did not return questionnaires (M = 17. 32, SD = 6. 20). There were no signi? cant differences between children with parental data and children without parental data on the following variables: Body Dissatisfaction (from the EDI-C), Bulimia (from the EDI-C), Drive for Thinness (from the EDI-C), peer in? ences (from the IPIEC), or perceptions to teasing (from the POTS) . Thus, the exploratory analyses with parental data are likely to be generalizable for all of the variables other than family history. Parental Data For exploratory purposes, paired t tests were conducted to examine the differences in mothers’ and fathers’ reports of parental in? uence regarding weight and body shape concerns. Mothers (M = 18. 57, SD = 5. 32) clothed more emphasis on weight and body shape concerns than did fathers (M = 15. 94, SD = 5. 29), t(47) = ? 3. 96, p < 0. 001.\r\nFurther question of parental differences revealed that mothers reported placing more importance on weight and body image concerns than did fathers for both their daughters, t(29) = ? 2. 93, p < 0. 006, and sons, t(27) = ? 2. 61, p < 0. 01. These results suggest that, regardless of child gender, mothers tend to place more emphasis on weight and dieting than do fathers. To examine the relationship between children’s selfreports and parental reports, correlations were co nducted for parents’ reports of family history of eating concerns and children’s reports of eating disturbance and psychological functioning.\r\nA signi? cant correlation was revealed for mothers’ reports of family history and children’s reports of family history, r (77) = 0. 25, p < 0. 05. These results suggest that mothers and children perceived quasi(prenominal) familial in? uences regarding weight and body shape. In addition, signi? cant correlations were revealed for maternal report of family history and children’s report of global self-worth, r (77) = ? 0. 27, p < 0. 05. No other signi? cant correlations were revealed for maternal or paternal reports\r\n watchword Overall, the results of this study support and extend previous research suggesting that both parental and peer in? uences are related to the development of body image and weight concerns in preadolescent girls and boys. It is likely that both factors exemplify an integral pa rt in children’s formations of maladaptive beliefs, attitudes, and expectations concerning weight, physical appearance, and body image. Further, there appear to be some differences but some uniformities in how girls and boys experience these issues.\r\n mistakable to previous research, girls in this study exhibited a somewhat greater degree of concern regarding weight and body image issues than did boys. Not only were they more aware of issues ring weight and dieting, but girls were more officious in attempts to become and/or remain â€Å"thin. ” In addition, it appears that girls received more messages within the family setting regarding weight and body image concerns. Although most investigations of body image concerns tend to recruit only female participants (e. g. , Attie and Brooks-Gunn, 1989; Cattarin and Thompson, 1994), the studies of gender differences\r\nGender Differences in Peer and Parental In? uences in body image have used primarily adolescent samples (e. g. , Childress et al. , 1993; look backed in Cohane and Pope, 2001). The present results support similar ? ndings for preadolescent children, which indicates that these gender differences begin to develop at an earlier age, prior to any pubertal changes (Collins, 1991; Oliver and Thelen, 1996; Shapiro et al. , 1997; Wood et al. , 1996). The results of this study fork up support for a relationship between body image concerns and depressive symptoms (Herzog et al. 1992) and self-esteem (Wood et al. , 1996). Overall, children who convey higher levels of body image disturbance reported higher rates of depressive symptoms and lower levels of global self-worth. Although this pattern was more evident in girls, the same pattern existed for boys when body dissatisfaction was considered. Prior research has revealed support for both parental (Sanftner et al. , 1996; Thelen and Cormier, 1995) and peer (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994; Oliver and Thelen, 1996) in? uences on children’s eating and body image concerns. This study found support for peer and parental in? ences for girls and to a lesser extent, for boys. Most of the research on peer in? uences has been conducted with adolescent populations of girls (Levine et al. , 1994). In this study, similar patterns emerged for boys and girls when body dissatisfaction (as opposed to bulimic tendencies) were evaluated. It may be that preadolescent boys are essay with body dissatisfaction, but in such a manner that is not captured by the measurement of bulimic tendencies. The measurement of parental teasing from the POTS measure was particularly reclaimable in serviceing to understand boys’ experiences.\r\nA number of previous studies have documented the connections between negative verbal commentary and body image concerns in girls (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994; Schwartz et al. , 1999). In the current study, boys’ perceptions of parental teasing were related to higher levels of body dissatisfaction, bulimic tendencies, drive for thinness, family history of eating concerns, and depression and lower levels of global self-worth. Thus, further exploration of perceptions of parental teasing in both boys and girls may be fruitful. On the basis of the results of this study, the implications for prevention and intervention are numerous.\r\nGiven the riches of support for the existence of body image concerns in preadolescent children (Collins, 1991; Shapiro et al. , 1997; Thelen et al. , 1992; Wood et al. , 1996), it is irresponsible to address weight and body image concerns with children prior to adolescence. Psychoeducational programs could be helpful to inform children of the parental, peer, and sociocultural in? uences on their attitudes and beliefs concerning weight and physical appearance. Several universal psychoeducational programs 427 have been instituted and evaluated for school-aged children (reviewed in Levine and Smolak, 2001).\r\nAlthough this study found some gender di fferences in preadolescent children’s experiences of body image disturbance, the common pattern of associations among variables for both boys and girls would suggest that preventive efforts could be targeted to girls and boys together. Intervention programs are also indispensable given the connections between familial in? uences and body image concerns in young children and the resultant connections between body image concerns and eating disorders (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994; Steinhausen and Vollrath, 1993; Thompson et al. 1999). Parents need to be educated about the negative consequences of their own weight and body image issues on the development of related problems in their children (Archibald et al. , 1999). word programs should take family functioning into account and should address the strong connections between body image concerns and ridiculous psychological functioning (Steinberg and Phares, 2001). There are several limitations to the study indicating that these results should be construe with caution. First, the ross-sectional nature of the study precludes interpretations related to causality. For example, it could be that higher levels of depression lead to higher rates of body dissatisfaction in both boys and girls. A prospective study of girls and boys from earlier childhood to adolescence and even adulthood could help answer the direction of causality. In addition, because there was a signi? cant difference in family history of eating concerns (FHE-C) between children with and without completed parental data, the preliminary analyses of parental reports have to be viewed cautiously.\r\nAlthough other studies have found relatively few differences between participating and nonparticipating mothers and fathers (Phares, 1995), the differences in this sample suggest that the parental data may not be representative of the larger population. This study attempted to limit common method difference by including parents rather than just rely ing on children’s self-reports. This inclusion of parents, however, led to other dif? culties. Future studies in this area could bene? t from more intense efforts to recruit and put forward parents for participation in research.\r\nEven with these limitations, this study provided support for parental and peer in? uences on the development of body image disturbance in preadolescent girls and boys. It is likely that both peers and family members contribute to the development of body image disturbance and weight concerns of young children. Although girls appear to be at greater risk for these concerns, this study suggests that attention to both boys’ and girls’ development of body image concerns is warranted. 428 credit rating This study was completed as part of a masters thesis by the ? rst author under the direction of the second and third authors.\r\nREFERENCES Archibald, A. B. , Graber, J. A. , and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1999). Associations among parentâ€adolesc ent relationships, pubertal growth, dieting, and body image in young adolescent girls: A short-term longitudinal study. J. Res. Adolesc. , 9: 395â€415. Attie, I. , and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1989). Development of eating problems in adolescent girls: A longitudinal study. Dev. Psychol. 25: 70†79. Brooks-Gunn, J. , Warren, M. P. , Rosso, J. , and Gargiulo, J. (1987). Validity of self-report measures of girls’ pubertal status. Child Dev. 58: 829â€841. Bunnell, D. W. , Cooper, P. J. , Hertz, S. , and Shenker, I. R. (1992).\r\nBody shape concerns among adolescents. Int. J. eating Disord. 11: 79†83. Cash, T. F. (1995). Developmental teasing about physical appearance: retroactive descriptions and relationships with body image. Soc. Behav. Pers. 23: 123â€129. Cattarin, J. A. , and Thompson, J. K. (1994). A three-year longitudinal study of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in adolescent females. Eating Disord. 2: 114â€124. Childres s, A. C. , Brewerton, T. D. , Hodges, E. L. , and Jarrell, M. P. (1993). The kids’ eating disorders tidy sum (KEDS): A study of middle school students. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc.\r\nPsychiatry 32: 843â€849. Cohane, G. H. , and Pope, H. G. (2001). Body image in boys: A review of the literature. Int. J. Eating Disord. 29: 373â€379. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112: 155â€159. Collins, M. E. (1991). Body ? gure perceptions and preferences among preadolescent children. Int. J. Eating Disord. 10: 199â€208. Cusumano, D. L. , and Thompson, J. K. (2001). Media in? uence and body image in 8â€11 year-old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the two-dimensional Media In? uence Scale. Int. J. Eating Disord. 29: 37â€44. Desmond, S. M. , Price, J. H. , Gray, N. , and O’Connell, J. K. (1986).\r\nThe etiology of adolescents’ perceptions of their weight. J. jejuneness Adolesc. 15: 461â€473. Field, A. E. , Austin, S. B. , Frazier, A. L. , Gillman, M. W. , Camargo, C. A. , and Colditz, G. A. (2002). Smoking, getting drunk, and engaging in bulimic behaviors: In which order are the behaviors take? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 41: 846â€853. Field, A. E. , Camargo, C. A. , Taylor, C. B. , Berkey, C. S. , Roberts, S. B. , and Colditz, G. A. (2001). Peer, parent, and media in? uences on the development of weight concerns and keep going dieting among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys. pediatrics 107: 54â€60.\r\nGarner, D. M. (1984). Eating Disorder Inventory for Children (EDI-C). Unpublished manuscript. Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the Self-Perception Pro? le for Children. Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Colorado. Herzog, D. B. , Keller, M. B. , Sacks, N. R. , Yeh, C. J. , and Lavori, P. W. (1992). Psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking anorexics and bulimics. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 31: 810â€818. Hill, A. J. , Oliver, S. , and Rogers, P. J. (1992). Eating in the adult world: The rise of dieting in childhood and adolescence. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 31: 95â€105. Kostanski, M. and Gullone, E. (1999). Dieting and body image in the child’s world: formulation and behavior. J. Genet. Psychol. 160: 488â€499. Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s Depression Inventory: CDI Manual. Multi-Health Systems, North Tonawanda, NY. Inc. Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson Levine, M. P. , and Smolak, L. (2001). Primary prevention of body image disturbances and disordered eating in childhood and early adolescence. In Thompson, J. K. , and Smolak, L. , (eds. ), Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment. American mental Association, Washington, DC, pp. 37â€260. Levine, M. P. , Smolak, L. , Moodey, A. F. , Shuman, M. D. , and Hessen, L. D. (1994). normative developmental challenges and dieting and eating disturbances in middle school girls. Int. J. Eating Disord. 15: 11â€20. Mendelson, B. K. , White, D. R. , and Mendelson, M. J. (1996). Selfesteem and body esteem: effect of gender, age, and weight. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 17: 321â€346. Moreno, A. , and Thelen, M. H. (1993). Parental factors related to bulimia nervosa. Addictive Behav. 18: 681â€689. Oliver, K. K. , and Thelen, M. H. (1996). Children’s perceptions of peer in? uence on eating concerns. Behav. Ther. 7: 25â€39. Phares, V. (1995). Fathers’ and mothers’ participation in research. Adolescence 30: 593â€602. Phares, V. (1996). Fathers and developmental psychopathology. New York: Wiley. Pike, K. M. , and Rodin, J. (1991). Mothers, daughters, and disordered eating. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 100: 198â€204. Ricciardelli, L. A. , and McCabe, M. P. (2001). Children’s body image concerns and eating disturbance: A review of the literature. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 21: 325â€344. Ricciardelli, L. A. , McCabe, M. P. , and Ban? eld, S. (2000). Body image and body change methods in adoles cent boys: purpose of parents, friends, and the media.\r\nJ. Psychosom. Res. 49: 189â€197. Rieves, L. , and Cash, T. F. (1996). Social developmental factors and women’s body-image attitudes. J. Soc. Behav. Pers. 11: 63â€78. Rodin, J. , Silberstein, L. R. , and Striegel-Moore, R. H. (1985). Women and weight: A normative discontent. In Sonderegger, T. B. (ed. ), Psychology and Gender: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 267â€307. Sands, R. , Tricker, J. , Sherman, C. , and Armatas, C. (1997). wiped out(p) eating patterns, body image, self-esteem, and physical exertion in preadolescent school children. Int. J. Eating Disord. 1: 159†166. Sanftner, J. L. , Crowther, J. H. , Crawford, P. A. , and Watts, D. D. (1996). Maternal in? uences (or wishing thereof) on daughters’ eating attitudes and behaviors. Eating Disord. 4: 147â€159. Schur, E. A. , Sanders, M. , and Steiner, H. (2000). Body dissatisfaction and dieting in young children. Int. J. Eating Disord. 27: 74â€82. Schwartz, D. J. , Phares, V. , Tantleff-Dunn, S. , and Thompson, J. K. (1999). Body image, psychological functioning, and parental feedback regarding physical appearance. Int. J. Eating Disord. 25: 339†343. Shapiro, S. , Newcomb, M. , and Loeb, T. B. (1997).\r\nFear of fat, disregulated-restrained eating, and body esteem: Prevalence and gender differences among eight- to ten-year-old children. J. Clin. Child Psychol. 26: 358â€365. Smolak, L. , and Levine, M. P. (2001). Body image in children. In Thompson, J. K. , and Smolak, L. (eds. ), Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment. American psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 41†66. Smolak, L. , Levine, M. P. , and Schermer, F. (1999). Parental input and weight concerns among elementary school children. Int. J. Eating Disord. 25: 263â€271. Steinberg, A.\r\nB. , and Phares, V. (2001). Family functioning, b ody image, and eating disturbances. In Thompson, J. K. , and Smolak, L. (eds. ), Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 127â€147. Steinhausen, H. , and Vollrath, M. (1993). The self-image of adolescent patients with eating Disord. Int. J. Eating Disord. 13: 221â€227. Stice, E. (2001). Risk factors for eating pathology: Recent advances and future directions. In R. Striegel-Moore & L. Smolak (Eds. ), Eating Gender Differences in Peer and Parental In? ences disorders: Innovative directions in research and practice (pp. 51†73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Thelen, M. H. , and Cormier, J. (1995). Desire to be thinner and weight control among children and their parents. Behav. Ther. 26: 85†99. Thelen, M. H. , Lawrence, C. , and Powell, A. (1992). Body image, weight control, and eating disorders among children. In Crowther, J. H. , Tennebau m, D. L. , Hobfoll, S. E. , and Stephens, M. A. P. (eds. ), The aetiology of Bulimia Nervosa: The Individual and Familial Context. Hemisphere, Washington, DC, pp. 82â€102. Thompson, J.\r\nK. (1996). Assessing body image disturbance: Measures, methodology, and implementation. In Thompson, J. K. (ed. ), Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity: An combinatorial Guide for Assessment and Treatment. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 49â€82. Thompson, J. K. , Cattarin, J. , Fowler, B. , and Fisher, E. (1995). The Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS): A revision and extension of the Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale (PARTS). J. Pers. Assess. 65: 146â€157. Thompson, J. K. , and Heinberg, L. J. (1993). Preliminary test of two hypotheses of body image disturbance.\r\nInt. J. Eating Disord. 14: 59â€63. 429 Thompson, J. K. , Heinberg, L. J. , Altabe, M. , and Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Dis turbance. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. Thompson, J. K. , and Smolak, L. (2001). Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: The future is now. In Thompson, J. K. , and Smolak, L. (eds. ), Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 1†39. VanderWal, J. S. , and Thelen, M. H. 2000). Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in elementary-age school girls. Eating Behav. 1: 105â€122. Wadden, T. A. , Brown, G. , Foster, G. D. , and Linowitz, J. R. (1991). Salience of weight-related worries in adolescent males and females. Int. J. Eating Disord. 10: 407â€414. Williamson, S. , and Delin, C. (2001). juvenility children’s ? gural selections: Accuracy of reporting and body size dissatisfaction. Int. J. Eating Disord. 29: 80â€84. Wood, K. C. , Becker, J. A. , and Thompson, J. K. (1996). Body image dissatisfaction in preadolescent children. J . Appl. Dev. Psychol. 17: 85â€100.\r\n'

'Jeffrey Dahmer Research Paper Essay\r'

'Jeffrey Dahmer was a notorious serial sea wolf in the late 70’s end-to-end the early 90’s. What made him domiciliate out from almost serial vote outer’s was what he did to the bodies of his dupes. During this research paper, I will cover his childhood life, what take to his lifestyle of killing and cannibalism and a fate the crimes that were affiliated during his dispatchous acts. I will in like earthly concernner compare what theories relate to Jeffrey Dohmer and what could possibly be the debate wherefore he did what he did. Childhood life\r\nJeffrey Dahmer was born in Milwaukee on may 21, 1960 with 2 gentle parents by the denote of Li hotshotl and Joyce Dahmer. He seemed like an ordinary child until the age of six, when he had a minor surgery and as well when his mother gave birth to his brother. This is when his self-confidence seemed to be lacking. He started to isolate himself from other quite a little and became very anti- complaisan t. He went from an outgoing loving child to a loner who was incommunicado and withdrawn.\r\nBy his early teenage years, he seemed disengaged, tense and friend slight (biography.com). In 1966, the Dahmer family locomote to Bath, Ohio where Jeffrey’s insecurities continued to grow and his bashfulness unplowed him from making friends. Here is where he became fascinated with animals and started collecting road kill and stripping the animal’s carcasses and thrift the bones (crime. intimately.com/od/serial/a/dahmer.htm). He began dissecting animals near his plaza in the woods on a well-ordered basis.\r\nHigh School/ Young adulthood\r\nDahmer continued his anti-social fashions throughout the start of his years at Revere High School. He maintained average grades and seemed to be a fairly normal teenager. He worked on the school newspaper notwithstanding overly developed a bad deglutition problem. He was known as a model student, respectful, polite, and well groome d. Overtime, he became less interested in school and his social life re every(prenominal)y decreased. In the summertime of 1978, Dahmer graduated from broad(prenominal) school. His parents divorced provided short of his 18th birthday. subsequent on on high school Dahmer enrol lead at Ohio State University and fatigued most of his time skipping classes and getting drunk. After a couple of semesters, he unyielding to drop out of college and to return home with his father. After an ultimatum was given to him by his father, he decided to join the Army. He sign(a) up on a six year contract, but after both years he was discharged collectible to his drunken styles (crime. virtually.com/od/serial/a/dahmer.htm). Murder #1\r\nDahmer defendd with his own homo desires, mixed with his need to fulfill his offend fantasies. His first of all murder was that of a hitchhiker he picked up. He was 19 year grey- straitsed Steven Hicks. He invited him to his father’s home in which they had some alcoholic drinks and consequently engaged in brace. Following their internal acts, when Hicks was ready to let, Dahmer bashed him in the head with a barbell and killed him. He cut up his victim’s body and placed it in garbage bags. He buried all Hicks body parts in the coterminous woods surrounding his father’s home.\r\nIt would be nine years afterward onward committing his second murder. In this fussy murder, some of the additional crimes committed against the victim are, false soldieryacles and catch. ill-advised incarceration is when someone reasonably believes they are confine from movement. Steven Hicks voluntarily went with Dahmer to his father’s house. scarcely when Hicks was ready to leave, at the institutionalise originally Dahmer bashed Hicks in the head, I believe he felt he was restricted to leave at that brief moment before being killed. He is alike disgraced of kidnapping because Hicks was restricted from leaving by Dahmer before the approaching took place. Murder #2\r\nDahmer’s second murder occurred in September of 1987 when he picked up a 26 year gaga man by the name of Steven Tuomi at a bar. Dahmer claimed he killed him on impulse and subsequent stated he had no retentiveness of committing this crime. After this fussy murder, Dahmer’s murderous rampage begins to occur sporadically. Two murders in 1988, another in 1989 and his method were consistent to picking up his victim’s at gay bars. He had sex with all of his victim’s before and sometimes after killing them.\r\n nett Murder/ Arrest\r\nIn May of 1990, he moved out of his granny’s house and into the apartment that later became notorious for his killings. He committed four more murders before the end of 1990 and two more in April of 1991, and another in May of 1991 (answers.com). On May 27, 1991, 14 year old Konerak Sinthasomphone was seen on the street, tramp naked, obviously under the infl uence of drugs and shed blood heavily. Two females from the neighborhood spotted him and called 911. Dahmer approached and assay to convince the women he was ok and essay to take the son a trend. The women stopped him until guard arrived. Dahmer told responding rectitude the Konerak was his 19 year old sonfriend and they had an argument epoch drinking. The jurisprudence were convinced of Dahmer’s story and they released the boy back to him against the two women’s will. posterior that night, Dahmer killed and dismembered Konerak’s body and kept his skull as a souvenir (answers.com).\r\nIn this particular murder, Dahmer was also guilty of false im prisonment and kidnapping. The 14 year old boy Konerak was attempting to escape from Dahmer until he convinced the police that everything was ok and proceeded to take the drugged boy back with him. At this point kidnapping took place because Konerak was restricted from leaving when he was taken by Dahmer back to his place. False imprisonment also takes place because Konerak felt he could not leave from Dahmer’s captivity once he got hold water of him again. The police in my opinion were guilty of Negligence by not throw out investigating the incident properly.\r\nThe legal comment of Negligence is conduct that falls on a lower floor the standards of behavior established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. In the summer of 1991, Dahmer was killing approximately one soul per week. Dahmer came up with a theory that he could turn his victim’s into zombies. He attempted to accomplish this by drilling a hole in his victim’s head while their pipe mess alive and injecting hydrochloric acid into the frontage lobe area of their brains with a large syringe (answers.com). Surrounding neighbors of Dahmer constantly smelled bad odors approach path from his residence. They also heard sounds such as drills or originator saws.\r\nFinal exertion/ Arrest\r\nOn July 22, 1991, Dahmer enticed another man into his home in attempt to set about him another victim of his sick fantasies. Tracy Edwards was the name of the potential of Dahmer. There was a struggle between Dahmer and Edwards when Dahmer attempted to handcuff his radiocarpal joint together. Dahmer had him at knife point and agonistic him into his bedroom. When Edwards saw the pictures of the mangled bodies on the walls and discover the terrible smell coming from a large blue barrel. He punched Dahmer in the face, kicked him in the stomach, and ran out the door and get away (Answers.com). He ran down the streets with handcuffs still hanging from one hand and waved down a patrol car.\r\nThe police were led to Dahmer’s house by Edwards. When police arrived, they saw the photographs of the mangled victim’s bodies and at this time Dahmer was placed under arrest. While investigating, police represent a human head in the refrigerator and multiple pi ctures of severed body parts. set ahead searching continued and police found three additional severed heads, severed hands, penises, and multiple human remains. This was the breaking point at which the story of Jeffrey Dahmer gained notoriety (Answers.com).\r\nThis is when the public found out about accusations of his practicing necromania and cannibalism. Jeffrey Dahmer was indicted on 17 counts of murder and later reduced to 15. The attempt murder of Edwards was not tried in court. Dahmer’s attempt began on January 30, 1992. The evidence against him was so incriminating, Dahmer maintain not guilty due to reason of insanity. His trial lasted only 2 weeks and he was found guilty of 15 counts of murder and was sentenced to 15 consecutive life terms. He expressed remorse for his acts and said he wished he was dead. In May of 1992, he was extradited to Ohio, where he pleaded guilty to the murder of his first victim, Stephen Hicks (Answers.com).\r\nDahmer’s Death\r\nW hile Dahmer was circumstances his time at Columbia punitory Institution in Portage, Wisconsin, he was attacked on two different occasions by fellow prisoners. The first time was when he was returning from a church service. He survived that attack with superficial injuries. The second attack occurred when he was doing janitorial work in the prison gym, he and another inmate was attacked and ill beaten with a broomstick continue on November 28, 1994 by an inmate, Christopher Scarver. Dahmer died of severe head trauma while on his way to the hospital. Dahmer’s brain was then kept an examined for study purposes.\r\nInternal factors\r\nInternal factors that could read regularized wherefore he was inherent to commit such crime were his anti-social behavior. This behavior leads a person to more likely, lie, steal, attack others, and commit violent acts of crime. Anti-social behavior poses a great risk to a person’s physical and mental health. It also puts a person in a higher risk to use drugs, alcohol, and also very promiscuous behavior. Some outer factors that could have subjected him to commit his violent acts were his relationships with the withdraw world. He felt alone and quarantined from the outside world which made him want to have control over it by taking in victims and giving himself power over them. I don’t think at that place is a specific theory that can pinpoint why Jeffrey Dahmer did what he did. The only theory that I believe fits with his behaviors was the fact that he was anti-social and that’s what leads him in the direction he chose to go in. An anti-social person can lead them to a life of crime and violent behaviors.\r\nThe behavior of Jeffrey Dahmer did fall in this category and his actions that which a normal person would not do shows his anti-social behavior very likely vie a big part in his decisions. Theories are not proven beyond a reasonable doubt but they do make sense to an goal and help lea d us in the right direction to understand why people that commit crime do what they do. These theories are vital to learning and thought because it can help a Criminologists determine why Criminal’s such as Jeffrey Dahmer do what they do. Jeffrey Dahmer seemed to have avert inside of him that he needed to fill. He felt empowered and satisfied when he took in his victims killing and mutilating their bodies. He was fair because he planned and knew what he was doing when committing the acts and there was definitely intent.\r\nConclusion\r\nJeffrey Dahmer is one of the most notorious serial killer’s today because of the way he went about his crimes. His victims’ families will be haunted by the actions taken by Dahmer. His actions were very distressful and he needed to be removed from this earth. He is now dead and at rest(p) and people in the surrounding areas where he caused all that pain will no longer have to worry about him.\r\nWork Cited\r\nwww.biography.c om/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\r\nwww.answers.cm/topic/jeffrey-dahmer\r\n'

'What Is Cheating?\r'

'If a vision was conducted to find out what close to persons considered chisel in a relationship the volume of people would regularise, any intimate mesh with some new(prenominal) person that is non your mate or partner. The WordNet defines cheating as the manage of being unfaithful to a match or whapr. Adulterer, cheater, two-timer or â€Å" pretender” atomic number 18 all talking to that answer for someone that cheats. These atomic number 18 all al-Qurans to describe someone that is unfaithful, disloyal, dishonest and untrustworthy in a relationship. What genuinely is cheating in a relationship? trick is not only when an flirt of internal involvement.\r\n fraud is any emotion or movement that is a hindrance to an max and committed relationship. Dawn and David were married for louvre years with two kids. David had fatigued most of his time at the office epoch Dawn took c be of the kids. David was in the real estate business so he was always meeti ng new people. iodine day he met a lady, Stephanie. Stephanie and David change email addresses so that they buttocks win discuss real estate business. An loose chat that was supposed to be stringently business lead to something more emotional. everyplace a period of six months David and Stephanie true feelings for each other.\r\nEvery night and day he found himself constantly chatting to Stephanie. sensation night they both expressed that they sincerely yours loved each other regular though they were in committed relationships. David got a divorce and started a relationship with Stephanie. In this incidence David and Stephanie did not have sexual intercourse. However, they developed a strong alinement where eventually they fell in love. David spent most of his time chatting with Stephanie. Stephanie got to hit the sack his feelings and thoughts something that exclusively his wife should be able to plug in to.\r\nHe isolated his wife and looked to some other figure as someone he could communicate with. some might express that expressing feelings through instant messaging and texting to some other(prenominal) individual other than your first mate or partner is not cheating. Why? †Because they can’t see or partake in you. How is this not cheating when eventually you atomic number 18 developing feelings for that particular individual? Cheating is developing an emotional bond with another person that is not your spouse or lover. Lust, a strong sexual desire. Yes, this is the word to describe what goes on in spouse’s or partner’s head when they attend a stripteaser club or watch pornography.\r\nSome may find it fascinating and erect simply fun to attend a strip club. They might consider this not cheating because they are just â€Å" temporary removal” with the guys or having fun. How is this not cheating when they are lusting after an individual that is not their â€Å" pregnant other”? If you lust aft er a guy or girl that you just saw walking down the bridle-path or have been working with for years, you are cheating. Cheating is lusting about someone that you are not committed to. Many persons would say that it hurts more to know that their wife, husband, girlfriend or boyfriend has â€Å"slept” with another person.\r\nThey would consider this act truly cheating. It is when a sexual act is committed they betrayed. I want to know how they would truly feel if they knew that their significant other developed a bond with another instead of just â€Å"fooling around”. How would they feel if they knew that there was no sexual involvement but they still love them because of who they are? How would they feel if they said that they are leaving them for the girl/guy that kit and caboodle at the strip club? go away it be too late for them to suck that lusting and developing emotions are considered cheating?\r\n'

'Sarbanes-Oxley’s Act: Article Summary\r'

'The article â€Å"Congress Should Repeal Sarbanes-Oxley constitute” by William Niskannen discusses reasons and arguments why the law should be annulled. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) was passed, in 2002 and was considered a solution to the collapse of Enron and other corporations with similar problems. Nevertheless, the write views this diddle as understaffed, unhealthful and unnecessary. Firstly, the act is viewed as unnecessary because â€Å"the stock exchanges had already implemented nigh of the SOA changes in the rules of incorporated governance in their new itemization standards”. p. 12) In other words, Exchange consignment is provided with full causalityity to enforce and to sanction all accounting rules and standards, as wholesome as to control financial statements of their firms. Furthermore, discussion section of Justice is able to prosecute executives for frauds associated with securities, stocks and bonds. The author claims that Public company A ccounting worry Boards isn’t useful as it has no authorities to regulate remaining strong-minded exoteric auditors.\r\nSecondly, the law is viewed as harmful because it â€Å"substantially emergences the risks of serving as a corporate officer or conductor”. (p. 13) The author means that SOA may distribute more foreign and wasted firms, or else than stocks on American exchange. For example, the law suggests banning of loans to corporate officers and it leads to elimination of one of the most effective tools of executive compensation. In much(prenominal) a way, the act reduces incentives of directors and corporate executives to engender legal advice.\r\nFinally, the act is viewed as inadequate because it has proved to fail problems of accounting, taxation, corporate governance and auditing. In such a way, SOA increase the risk of bankruptcy. I think that the dubiety whether SOA is effective or should be repealed is sort of controversial. On the one hand, it cares for of foreign firms and small businesses, as well as fails to respond to auditing and taxing problems. On the other hand, it is knowing as rescue program later Enron scandal. Its goal is to restore reputation and public trust in corporate sphere of influence in the USA.\r\n'

'My Ethics Awareness Inventory Summary Essay\r'

'In my honourable Aw beness stemma I view in what is dependable. Ethical awareness is gaining an acuteness in the perspective of having the determination of what you call back is wrong or office. My beliefs in exist do and bargain are principally in the essence values of the ruff honest conclusion and what core beliefs I believe inspire my values and morality. The core beliefs I chose were character, obligation, results, and equity. I believe an obligation to make the right decision is precise important in any decision making process.\r\nResults show how a soulfulness can provide the character that motivates them in the equity that is chosen to make the right choice. Factors that influence my decision making is hug from peers and the pressure from the above, interest groups, personalized monetary gain, chance to get ahead, limited culture to get ahead, convenience, and threats in the work can that are used if not abiding by the Code of Ethics, which is a docume nt sign(a) when hired at a place of employment.\r\nEthical Awareness is the key to in effect(p) ethical judgment. The answers to the questions posed in the EAI Inventory will assist you to make the â€Å"right” decision, but it is important to remember that thither is no easy brieflycut to ethical decision making. It requires you to make an important personal judgment about a depicted object that will have a substantial impact on the lives of real battalionâ€not some faceless jackpot (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2011).\r\nObligations category defines my selections as individuals that I may work with as combative about the society who may not be able to work in their take in best interest. Obligations to me are genuinely important and necessity to look at as being at the extremum of a list and adhered to as promises make to be taken care of as soon as possible. In my own life the results have pretty frequently matched on how I am in real life, especially the per sonal financial gain. I al shipway run short of money and looking for to a greater extent ways to earn more. Another way is more information being available to me.\r\nI always have been willing to come across as much as I can to know about my tasks and duties inside a job or up to now in my personal life. I was embossed with strong personal ethics and halt those to my professional and personal life. In the educational field I have in condition(p) that ethics in decision making can be different than what I believe. My decision making is of right or wrong. In a professional climb the decision making can be one or the other out-of-pocket to the Code of Ethics and the supervisors that are the last say in a decision.\r\nMy cerebration has been modify to some point to obligations as to the community and diversity which shows how much we should mobilize about the other cultures that have issues that need assistance and our ethical views which are a difference than what most are a ltered from my core beliefs. Reference Williams Institute(2011). (6th ed): www. ethics-twi. org info@ethics-twi. org. Retrieved April 23, 2012 from: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/ sterilise/aapd/Vendors/TWI/EAI/\r\n'

'How should future generations contend with the French-English divide? Has this divide changed over the past 20 years, if yes how so? Essay\r'

'As a part of Quebec’s y exposeh and up and sexual climax younger generation I confirm witnessed the conflicts between the cut- slope break since I could toy with and it is central that the needs of both sides atomic number 18 ample filled or at least equilibrate for, future generations need to focus on separate issues and need to resolve the cut- position separate in a fashion up to(p) matter so that both sides plenty work together and benefit from each otherwise such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the increase of blab outing cut in schools and tunees.\r\nCleavages be defined as â€Å"a politically significant distinction among identifiable groups in a given tribe” (L7, S5). Language is an burning(prenominal) cleavage in Canadian society (L7, S6), Canada is cognize to being a diverse coun sample the state consists of m each different types of people, cultural backgrounds and value systems each of which should be look oned and tolerated by every cit izen of this country. The English- cut basin has persisted everywhere clipping as a issue of events and findings by governing bodies that befuddle continued to fuel the divide (L7, S7).\r\nThere are different solutions to the style issue among cut and English speakers still it takes time and although the divide has multifariousnessd a muss, the past 20 age we aren’t where we want to be safe in time and it is up to future generations to solve this problem. Further issues such as the compact vs contract theory give be discussed and also in recent parole the dispute over the charter of values the Pauline Marois government seek to put in exertion that has sprung up a dispute other issues that leave be discussed are Bill 101 and the disputes over the equalization of payments that has become a major issuance for discussion and a whacking part of the french-English plane section if future generations were to resolve these topics they would be one blackguard closer to a neutral decision.\r\nThe talking to divide has played a key part in intergovernmental policies between the national government and the provinces and is in that respectfore an important part to understand. We’ve learnt doneout history that the English become often attempted to assimilate the cut (L7, S8) you enter’t often see the English onerous to preserve the french quarrel and this resulted in a heated interlocking among English and French especially in the late 1800’s and late 1900’s where the divide had intensified and almost seemed imminent.\r\nIn a video demonstrated in the lecture slides (L7, S8) occasion premier of Quebec (2001-2003) Bernard Landry and material bodyer leader of the dampeni Québécoise points out that 75% of Anglos in Quebec speak both French and English and almost all the younger generations speak both lyric and admits this is a great improvement.\r\nPart of Quebec’s problem is that you can become a citizen by speak English or French this is a problem for the Quebecoise because people are coming from different countries with just an English background, if there was a divide they would make it so that if you were to become a Quebec resident address French would be mandatory. Preserving the French language has been a top priority for Quebec. The French lived in constant fear of losing their language (L7, S8) so in order to preserve the French language and finis the appropriate decision the Parti Quebecoise get unyielding to do is to promote separatism.\r\nThere was talk of the separation of Quebec from Canada being more of a sovereignty- intimacy, Quebec would separate but would retain a political and economic association with Canada. They would share the same currency and have any(prenominal) joint governments to oversee their relations. Quebec would not really be independent it would actually rely heavily on both Canada and the United States for trade. Quebec wo uld then be able to change the language laws so that French would be the first language. This could be a good decision but there’s a large amount of English dissertation Quebec citizens who disapprove.\r\nBernard Landry points out that Quebec has meliorate over the old age and that he has seen a lot more Anglo’s speaking French as well but he points out that it is a different issue in different provinces. cosmos an English speaker myself it is very encouraging and helpful that I am perfectly bilingual, being bilingual has helped me in the work force, in my studies and in my loving life.\r\nThese are some instruments that have English speaking Quebecers speak more French and really make an impact among English and French speakers of Quebec. In Bernard Landry’s video he talks about speaking to his cousins that live in British Columbia and displays how they have lost their French Background it is in the Parti Quebecoise topper inte domiciliate to prevent this from give-up the ghosting.\r\nAs we have seen, la survivance was the notion that fuelled traditional Quebec nationalism. The Quiet Revolution gave elevate to a sunrise(prenominal) type of nationalism in Quebec which had a different vision of the state and its ability, through its institutions, to help the French survive (L7, S49). The French-English divide was push aggravated when the Quebec government decided to use its institutions to appliance legislating to ensure the survival of the French language in Quebec.\r\nThis caused a great deal of sway in English .In an attempt to counter such nationalist language tactics and appease the French, the federal government also used its institutions to enact legislation related to language. There is no doubt that the French-English divide has been fuelled by these issues (L7, S58). After all these events had interpreted assign the French took action into preserving the French language and culture and to implement it on all of Quebec .\r\nThe Quebec Board of the French Language (OQLF) more popularly known as the ‘language police’ by the English media are probably the most feared people to argument owners. In Quebec, Bill 101 implements that all visible form of writing must be in French, there are strict laws that indicate that the French dustup have to be visually larger than any other language as well as businesses more than 50 employees were going to have to pose and use French as their language of business (L7, S59).\r\nMaintaining the two official languages is not cheap. Even Canada’s current Prime Minister Stephen Harper commented on the cost of bilingualism even before he was choose as the prime minister. These factors have played a major role in the changes Quebec has had over the eld and I have noticed it myself. The divide has changed a lot of the eld and with Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecoise who knows what will happen next.\r\nThe French and English divide is becoming l ess(prenominal) and less of a problem in Quebec although tensions have been rising lately with the PQ it is in their interest to forbid up the French population in Quebec happy and to keep pushing new legislations to enforce the speaking of the French language. Although it is a great approach to preserve the language you could say that the language police have taken it a stones throw too far at some points with disputes and attempted ban of these words in restaurants such as â€Å"pasta” and â€Å"fish n chips”.\r\nThe Anglo’s have a hard time dealing with disputes such as these knowing our tax income dollars are being spent on non-sense such as the banning of those words. In all I think it is important to implement that business owners change their signs and put in place a French first basis and plays a big factor in today’s language battle and it is a large reason why a lot of Quebecers are speaking French first. I myself walk in a place of business and speak French first to the clerk, when I am working myself I introduce myself in French first and I adapt to whomever I am talking too whether or not they are French or English it is important to respect the language of other people.\r\nIn recent news show a large dispute has sprung up with the â€Å"Charter or Values” Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecois brought up the idea of banning religious symbols and dress codes when at work. This includes the Christian cross, Jewish and Muslim headwear, hijabs, turbans, etc. As the government expected, the plan to introduce the Chater of Value’s created street protests. Situations like these aren’t helping the French and English division it has strung up protests and aggravates the English speakers these aren’t ways to increase French speaking and culture in Quebec it had fuelled the fire in a way and bring us a step back from where we would like to be in the English †French division.\r\nThe linguistic battle among French- English has meliorate in Quebec over the past 20 years with French being highly implemented in schools and businesses but I couldn’t say that for the rest of the provinces. These are ways to further increase the population of French speaking Canadians, future generations should focus on increasing French in schools and businesses rather than try to force the language on people with new legislations and fines.\r\nWe have seen improvements over the past 20 years and that should continue if other provinces were to adapt more the French language in their place of business and in schools you would see a large increase in the population of Canada that speak French rather than just Quebec.\r\nBibliography\r\nBernard Landry, former Premier of Quebec (2001 †2003) and leader of the Parti Québécois (2001 †2005 Brooks, Stephen (2004) â€Å"Canadian Democracy †An Introduction 6th edition” Oxford University twitch: Toronto. PP.187-189 http ://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/is-pasta-french-enough-for-quebec-1.1301918\r\n'

'Social Influence and the Branch Davidians\r'

'Social Influence And The severalize Davidians Abstract I examined accord gaining strategies apply by David Koresh to influence his following. His lease to be Jesus savior himself, and his promise to hand his pursual eternal life, was highly in force(p) in obtaining his chase compliance. I examined the split Davidian’s answer to David Koresh’s influence. I observed their willingness to surrender their primary human needs, personal safety, and that of their children. conformation-gaining strategies used by the inebriant Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) agents during the 1993 siege at the Branch Davidian mixed were excessively examined.\r\nSocial Influence and The Branch Davidians David Koresh used various compliance gaining strategies to gain the allegiance of his followers who according to Time. com (1993) were also know as the Branch Davidians. His followers responded with compliance, ultimately arming themselves in a attractor at their involved in Waco Te xas, against the business office of intoxicant Tobacco and Firearms. The ATF hence used compliance gaining strategies in a failed attempt to end the standoff peacefully. David Koresh used methods such as honourable appeal, promises, and threats as compliance gaining strategies.\r\nIt could be considered immoral for a unearthly person to choose to oppose God, therefore a moral appeal was a highly effective compliance gaining strategy for Koresh to use. Time. com (1993) wrote that Koresh taught his followers saying, â€Å"if the Bible is true, then I’m Christ. ” He was appealing to their desire to be moral people who obey the requests of their captain and Savior. Relentlessly delivering scriptures to his followers was another form of moral appeal. Koresh implored their compliance by appealing to their moral freight to obey the scriptures of the Bible.\r\nKoresh realized that his followers would accept the logic that moral people do not disobey the Bible. Time. c om (1993) wrote that David Koresh quoted the Bible (Revelation 2, English Standard Version) saying â€Å"Do not fear what you are about to start…Be faithful unto death, and I will devolve you the crown of life. ” Koresh was using a strategy known as â€Å"promise” (Alberts, 2009, p. 11), to gain compliance. Koresh was promising his followers that, just as the Bible foretold, their actions would indeed be rewarfareded. Koresh used the threat of war as a compliance gaining strategy.\r\nHe convinced his followers that they would eventually have to prove their allegiance to him by waging war against the enemy. If they were going to be prepared for the impending war, it would be necessary for them to watch movies that prepared them mentally for war. They would also have to participate in military mood training, in order to ensure their victory over their enemies. Koresh convinced his followers that the presence of the ATF at their compound was indeed the sign tha t the war that they were expecting was upon them.\r\nDavid Koresh’s followers responded to compliance gaining strategies with compliance, obedience, and conformity. Females of the grouping showed compliance by marrying David Koresh and by allowing their daughters to marry him as well. Their tendency to abide by may have been be seduce they perceived Koresh as having the authority to quest these unions. Another possibility is that their commitment to the group necessitated physical structure in their actions in support of the group. This would require that they comply with all demands made upon group members. Group members conformed to the hard-core rules of the group.\r\nAccording to Time. com (1993), Koresh proclaimed, â€Å"all the women in the world belonged to him and scarcely he had the right to procreate. ” Therefore, the explicit rules of the group fit(p) that David Koresh had a right to sleep with any muliebrity in the group. Group members conformed to implicit rules of the group as well. Its members did not question David Koresh’s authority. Koresh instructed his followers to draw themselves for war by training for it. So group members displayed obedience to his demands by participating in what Time. com (1993) inform as â€Å"military style drills” in preparation for war.\r\nDavid Koresh’s followers displayed obedience when they armed themselves against jurisprudence at their compound in Waco, Texas. The bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms used â€Å"liking” (Alberts, 2009, p. 11) as a compliance gaining strategy during the standoff with David Koresh and his followers. This strategy turn out to be effective at times and futile at other times. Time. com (1993) reported that ATF agents used a â€Å"respectful” approach. This approach to gain compliance was initially successful and it resulted in the release of twenty-one children and sixteen adults.\r\nHowever, because the ATF used this strategy excessively, it lost its effectiveness and ultimately it garnered a response in opposition to the former response. According to Time. com (1993), Koresh ultimately responded with disdain and mockery to recurrent attempts by the ATF to use respect as a strategy to gain his compliance. The ATF’s failure to come upon compliance with requests that the group members exit the compound resulted in the deaths of the very people that they were attempting to protect. The compound, set ablaze, claimed the lives of numerous Branch Davidians.\r\nCompliance gaining strategies can be highly effective. Unfortunately, in addition to positive results, these strategies can produce cast out results as well. Compliance gaining strategies, when effective can fall to a person’s freedom from antipathetical captors. However, failed attempts at these strategies can also result in the death of many people. Compliance, obedience, and conformity can twist to a willingness to make choices that society at self-aggrandising would deem reprehensible. These types of social influence can cause a mother to neglect her maternal instincts and willingly put her children in dangerous life-threatening situations.\r\nCompliance can be a formidable gun against a perceived threat. References Alberts, J. PhD, Ayers, J. PhD, Busha, R. PhD, & Holtz, M. M. A. (2009). Interpersonal Effectiveness. Rancho Cucamonga: Channel wont Gibbs, N. (May, 1993) Oh My God, They’re Killing Themselves! Time. com, 2, 5. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/ cursory/newsfiles/waco/050393. hypertext mark-up language Lacayo, R. (March, 1993). Cult of Death: Holed up in a Texas fortress, David Koresh and his followers fervently believe he is Christ †till death do them part. Time. com, 1, 3, 4. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/daily/newsfiles/waco/031593. html\r\n'